EU Externalization of Migration and Border Management to Libya: the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations and Human Rights Implications

Descrizione del progetto

Gestione delle frontiere e ruolo delle ONG in Libia

La Libia è sempre stata una destinazione finale e un trampolino di lancio verso l’Europa per i migranti, ma questa situazione si è complicata dopo il rovesciamento del dittatore libico Mu’ammar Gheddafi. Il paese ha ricevuto più di due milioni di migranti, per lo più provenienti dall’Africa. Il progetto LIBORG, finanziato dall’UE, svolgerà indagini sul ruolo delle organizzazioni non governative (ONG) e sulla riconfigurazione del regime frontaliero libico. Esso valuterà il processo di esternalizzazione dell’UE, che sostiene i paesi di origine e di transito nei loro sforzi per arginare la migrazione. Il progetto mapperà le diverse ONG attive in questo settore e ne analizzerà i mandati e le attività. Infine, valuterà le associazioni tra il processo di esternalizzazione dell’UE, le ONG e le questioni relative ai diritti umani.

Obiettivo

LIBORG aims at exploring, from the perspective of the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in migration-related activities, the reconfiguration of the Libyan migration and border regime since Gadhafi’s fall in 2011. Libya is a point of departure of migrants heading for Europe on makeshift boats. Italy (as the landing country) and the EU have long been trying to include Libya in the process of externalization, which aims to support countries of origin and transit in their efforts to stem unwanted migration. A crucial role in this process is played by international organizations (IOs) and other non-state actors, which: a) directly carry out activities in countries of origin and transit (e.g. refugee protection, repatriations, assistance to detained people, livelihood projects and information campaigns aimed at reducing migration); b) provide local state authorities with know-how and technical support. While a growing body of research has started analyzing this process, scant attention has been paid to Libya (as opposed to other countries) and to the role played by NGOs (as opposed to that played by IOs). Gadhafi’s fall allowed for many international NGOs to start activities in Libya, and for many Libyan NGOs to be established. Despite Libya’s political instability, their activities have increased sharply, along with the increase in funding from EU and Italy, since 2017. In 2017 and 2018, extraordinary funding was made available by EU and Italy to IOs, which typically subcontract part of their activities to NGOs. In 2018, six Italian NGOs started working in Libyan detention centres under a scheme funded by the Italian government. LIBORG will, first, map the different NGOs operating in this field. Then, it will analyze their mandates and activities, as well as the relevant funding sources, and the relations they have to one another as well as to state authorities and IOs. Finally, it will assess the relationship between externalization, NGOs and human rights.