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Risultati finali
Summary:
Although microwave radiometers have been used for a long time to estimate atmospheric characteristics, few efforts have been made earlier to validate the retrieved liquid water content of clouds (LWC).
CLOREVAL has permitted to make direct comparison from surface-based, airborne and spaceborne radiometers with in situ measurements. A few retrieval methods have been shown to work satisfactorily. The conditions for using such algorithms have been discussed on a large data base including various cloud types, allowing the user to have a good confidence on the retrieved products. This is important for Meteorological Services and Space agencies.
Summary:
A major result is the ground based microwave radiometry does not only lead to reliable results concerning total water vapour content, this has been and is exploted already. But also for total cloud water content. This has often been doubted, because of differences in results compared to other methods based on the refectable properties of clouds.
This, microwave radiometry is a both reliable and cheap way to monitor an all important cloud parameter, whereas this can be usedfor the validation of cloud modules in climate and weather predictions modules and for the development of cloud results.
Finally, ground based micowave radiometry appears to be an established tool to check algorithmsfor cloud water retrival from satellites using passive microwave signals.
Summary:
ECMWF model fields have been extracted for the PIDCAP, CLOREVAL/1 and ACE-2 experiments and LWP data have been retrieved from the SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave/Imager) data using the one-dimensional variational (IDVAR) method for the last two experiments when SSM/I data were available. The SSM/I 1DVAR LWP retrievals have been compared to other algorithms retrievals and have shown demonstrable improvements over many of the older algorithms, including some used quite widely. ECMWF will use the results CLOREVAL to (a) help in the development of assimilation of LWP data into their NWP forecast model and (b) validate cloud analyses and forecasts within the model.
Summary:
The main result is an identification of the utility of numerous SSM/I CLW algorithms within a global weather forecasting and climate research. Before this work there was little or no validation of the accuracy of competing SSM/I algorithms. None of the 19 algorithms validated had been calibrated against CLW data and their relationship to 'real' in situ measurements was therefor unknown. The results from this work will have an immediate impact on forecasters and numerical weather predicton (NWP) modellers who need to ascertain the veracity of the numerous published retrieval methods.
Summary:
SSM/I retrievals have been compared with in-situ aircraft and shipborne microwave radiometers. Several different retrieval algorithms have been tested, from simple linear combinations of SSM/I brightness temperatures, to complex 1-dimensional variational assimilation techniques. The major result of CLOREVAL is the quantitative comparison of all these ( mostly published) algorithms outputs against high-quality independent measurements which were not available prior to this project.
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