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Leistungen
Special Ethernet Interface Management and Programming Utilities have been developed at The National Aerospace Laboratory NLR (The Netherlands). This Ethernet communication library has proven to be an efficient and easy way in connecting various software applications, even when running on different platforms. The library is already in use for many years in NLR's flight simulators and research flight test aircraft. Already suitable for WINDOWS platforms, it has been improved, upgraded and extended for use with UNIX/LINUX platforms and foreseen with particular new tools. The basic Ethernet communication routines are based on the Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and the User Data gram Protocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP) and uses ASCII database files to describe the Ethernet traffic. The library furthermore consists of tools to monitor, simulate, log, plot, replay, command, convert or parse Ethernet data streams.
The project has led to results on various fields:
- integration of external software and external hardware to the flight simulator environment of NLR
- the piloted evaluation results of the Integrated Situation Awareness System (ISAS) consist of Human Factors aspects, operational aspects, safety aspects and system design results.
These results are valuable in how to set up and execute future projects of a similar nature.
The complexity of the Task Analysis / ICS Support Definition process, combined with the sensitivity of the effectiveness of ICS support to the details of Kernel programming point to the need for a significant degree of Application Programmer support.
In functional terms, the support-programming process for an Application includes the following stages, each of which require particular capabilities within the APSE:
(a) Task and Support Analysis
- High Level tasks and goals - Application overview
- Medium level tasks and goals- Task analysis
- Low-level tasks and goals- Detailed analysis
- Low-level risks and support- Define activity ICS support
(b) Support Programming
- Parsing into ADL, MIDL, PDL- Code specification
- Detailed definition of Programming- Code synthesis
The fundamental concept built into the APSE is that of the Operator Support Use Case, which describes:
(a) an activity sequence,
(b) potential Operator error cases applicable to that sequence and
(c) remedial advice and other outputs to be generated by the ICS.
The Intelligent Crew Support (ICS) system integrated into the ISAWARE II system provides an innovative means of protection against errors and mistakes made by the human crewmembers. The ICS provides interactive and proactive support to the aircrew because it reacts both to changes in the environment and the activities of the crew. As a result, the system can point out a human flight crew mistake, suggest remedial actions and then revert to its default silent-monitor mode, once the situation is under control.
The ICS has the capability to continuously monitor:
a) the external environment of the aircraft,
b) the status of aircraft systems, and
c) the activities and physiological status of the crew.
These parameters are compared with a library of operator plans, which represent correct operating procedures at a fine-grain level, for selected crew activities in all phases of flight. When a potentially hazardous deviation from the safe operating procedures is detected, relevant warnings (and, when appropriate, advice) are generated by the ICS, which then continues monitoring in order to provide further support if this is needed.
Whereas previous ICS support has concentrated on airmanship during the cruise and approach flight phases, during the ISAWARE project, ICS crew support has been extended to include airport surface movement operations. Three new Use Cases have been developed and were assessed in the MTEs.
The airport databases follow the ED99 standard format coded in XML. Since original databases were supplied by TUD, it is necessary to obtain licenses from TUD to use the XML databases outside the ISAWREII project.
Nevertheless, as the ED-99 is a standard format and XML is a de facto standard widely used in computers, the converted databases can be used in other R&D projects involving flight trials, namely take-off and landing simulations.
A detailed visual system database of Paris Charles de Gaulle airport was created for the Generic Research Aircraft Cockpit Environment (GRACE) of the National Aerospace Laboratory NLR (The Netherlands). The database was created making use of a basic data set licensed by TU-Darmstadt. The visual database contains sufficient detailed elements to allow aircraft to taxiing on the airport with high precision, and for take-off and landing operations. The database consists of many elements (e.g. airport buildings, hangars, apron, taxiways, runways, runway identifiers, taxi signs, stop bars, runways, runway lights, taxi way lights) partly created in Open Flight format.
The execution of man-in-the-loop experiments is of a special nature. Especially pilot evaluations of a novel system technology, like cockpit displays and alerting systems, is not a simple matter. Many factors play a role:
number of new items to assess, ways to assess these items, amount of time available to assess (i.e. crew availability), crew experience and training matters;
how to measure (physiological equipment to be used or not?);
which base line; questionnaires: which ones and which rating scales to be used for workload and situation awareness assessments;
the cost of flight simulator and the incorporation of the research objectives into the experimental scenarios and experimental design. NLR has a lot of know-how on all these aspects, based on a long history of successfully executed projects in the domain of human factors research.
SAWARE added more know-how to this list, as the pilot evaluation performed related to an integrated system concept of which workload, situation awareness, flight procedures and operations and flight safety formed part of the research. The know-how gathered on all these topics and furthermore on how to set up and execute this kind of experiments is invaluable for future projects in the domain of for instance civil flight deck research. With the upcoming of new (FAA/EASA) rule making, the need for even better human factors experiment execution to gather objective data to substantiate the claims that new system concepts make, will increase even further.
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