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Risultati finali
IIn order to increase the thermal utilisation of wood fuels in Europe and to save fossil fuels with respect to the European CO(2) emission policy it is necessary to improve the combustion behaviour of small scale wood combustion systems. This research was focused on different firing systems such as mechanically fed stoves (0 - 15 kWth), accumulating boilers (15 - 100 kWth) and automatically fed combustion systems (50 - 1000 kWth). The main objective of the project is to reduce the environmental impact of these small scale wood combustion systems, in particular, to reduce emissions of unburned carbon species as CO, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particulate matter (PM) which could be emphasised in the last years to be the most problematic emissions. In detail it was planned:
-To determine the combustion behaviour of different test firings by emission measurements as well as by detailed measurements in the reaction zones.
-To apply Computational-Fluid-Dynamic-(CFD) and equilibrium models.
-To set-up new concepts for stoves and boilers.
-To design and construct prototype of stoves, boilers and automatically fed systems.
-To formulate scale-up criteria and design guidelines for industrial application.
In a first step, tests to determine the combustion behaviour were carried out with various commercially available appliances in order to define the actual state of the art.
For a further improvement of the combustion behaviour basic investigations were carried out determining gas concentrations of CO, O(2), CO(2) and VOC, temperatures as well as velocity and turbulence profiles in the reaction zones of most of the investigated test facilities. A new approach was:
-The application of the Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) towards the use in small-scale combustion systems with unsteady combustion conditions controlled by the natural draught in order to characterise the flow field and mixing conditions.
-The use of suction probes to determine simultaneously temperatures and gas concentrations for a deeper understanding of formation and decomposition processes.
-The application of CFD codes for getting an insight into the complex inter-linked phenomena of chemical reactions and turbulent flow behaviours.
Based on the experimental and theoretical results several prototypes were designed and constructed which are in particular a fireplace insert, an accumulating masonry heater, four prototype boilers as well as a newly designed vortex burner system for the use of wood chips. Measurements with the before mentioned prototypes showed that the emissions of products of incomplete combustion (PIC) were reduced in a further extent. With the developed vortex burner system a remarkable reduction of particulates have been achieved. In order to supply the industry with the gained knowledge and tools to design and produce new products with low emissions, guidelines for newly designed wood burning systems were prepared. They give information about control elements for combustion air, dimensions of combustion chamber and load space as well as optimal construction and operation with regard to sufficient combustion during different firing conditions.
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