Transformations of European gender equality policy
Promoting gender equality has been prevalent in the EU for many years, where it is claimed to be excellent compared to other European policies. Along with fighting against sex-based discrimination, promoting gender equality is the main area that has gone above and beyond what is justified by the fluidisation of the market. An EU-funded project, 'Equality for the market. The national usages of EU equality policies' (EQUALUSES), has examined whether the EU still allows for the implementation of public action to promote the fight against gender inequalities. Analysis of the evolution of the gender regime of the EU in different periods was conducted. The market norm and equality norm that both characterise European policy have undergone changes in creating models of public action for promoting gender equality. These models include the exception model created in the 1980s until the mid-1990s, then the anti-discrimination model for another 10 years, up to the current rights model. The models have shifted in a gradual and transformative manner. Although European gender equality policy underwent profound upheavals in terms of changes in goals, means, and ways of operating and thinking, the mechanisms of change are based in continuity. The shift in process is seen as a pattern of institutionalisation, then normalisation and, finally, marginalisation. Recent changes show that there is a dismantling of European gender equality policy. Change is made without formal decision and with little visibility, but at the same time concerns all policy areas. Yet, some areas of gender equality policy are maintained or developing, such as the fight against violence towards women. European gender equality policy is attached to justice and human rights in administrative as well as cognitive terms. Its institutional, financial and normative autonomy have been significantly reduced. This increased as a result of the recent economic and budgetary crisis in Europe. The results of the study will be useful in determining future trends.
