Quantum mechanics is our most fundamental theory of physics. It has formed, and often challenged, our understanding of physical reality. We use quantum mechanics to manipulate and control matter and light at the atomic scale, and it provides the basis for many new technologies. At the same time, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is gaining momentum in science and basic research. ML is already employed in different areas of physics, mostly for big data processing and classification. But the development of AI is heading much further and is likely to transform basic science in the near future.
In this project, we investigate the use of AI and artificial agency in basic science, with a focus on quantum physics and, more specifically, quantum information (QI). The overall objective of our project is to explore artificial agency, its scope and its limits, and what role it can play in quantum science. We want to develop models of artificial agency that are beneficial for basic research, both from a practical and a foundational perspective. Specific objectives include, among others, the following:
- Develop models of classical and quantum learning agents that can be fully integrated into a quantum environment. Use these models for the design of novel quantum experiments and QI applications, the exploration of quantum many-body states, and the investigation of near-term, quantum-enhanced AI technologies.
- Develop models of transparent learning agents, whose actions are interpretable by a human user. Develop these models towards learning agents that can be used for explorative experimenting and scientific discovery. Establish criteria for the attributability of agency to artificial entities that can be tested in experiments. Apply these criteria to AI applications in QI science and to foundational issues regarding the role of agents in quantum physics.
- Establish a physical framework for the discussion of interpretability, explainability and trustworthiness of quantum-enhanced AI. Develop and present classical models of learning agents that are explainable and that can be quantized.
The expected impact of project is both practical and fundamental. The integration of AI with physics at a fundamental level, including quantum physics, can have a dramatic and enduring impact on quantum science and beyond. It will generate many ideas for new protocols and experiments in QI, and it will help us to better control and understand the physics of quantum matter and complex systems. It will also provide a framework to discuss relevant physical aspects of questions regarding the interpretability, explainability and trustworthiness of quantum technologies and AI. This project will allow us to explore the scope and physical limits of artificial agents and what role they can play in basic research. Ultimately, this project will also help us to better understand—from a fundamental physics perspective—our role, as human agents, in science.