We developed an operational ecosystem-based marine spatial planning (EB-MSP) framework with clear, practice-oriented guidance to support real-world implementation. The framework follows a step-by-step structure with defined stages, tasks, and a compliance checklist, demonstrating across planning sites that meaningful progress toward EB-MSP can be achieved when conservation and restoration objectives are embedded within planning goals.
Operational EBSA metrics were developed across multiple spatial and temporal scales to better capture biodiversity patterns and connectivity between hotspots, MPAs, and EBSAs under climate change. All planning sites ranked EBSA criteria by relevance and produced EBSA maps. To support connectivity-informed planning, both two-dimensional Lagrangian tracking models and three-dimensional biophysical models incorporating biological processes were adapted and applied.
An integrated and flexible suite of decision-support tools was developed to advance EB-MSP. These tools support robust prioritisation of biodiversity, connectivity, socio-economic trade-offs, and climate risks, including depth-explicit and connectivity-based network design, corridor identification, and assessment of OECMs. Connectivity metrics were aligned with physical oceanographic modelling, enabling graph-based indicators such as source–sink dynamics and clustering. All tools were tested in planning sites and refined through participatory workshops to ensure operational relevance.
A forward-looking scenario analysis explored alternative futures for marine biodiversity conservation to 2030. Four contrasting scenarios were co-developed through global expert input, analysed across ecological, political, and socio-economic dimensions, and translated into site-specific planning options. Plain-language factsheets supported stakeholder engagement and climate-smart, participatory decision-making.
Institutional and policy audits were conducted for each planning site, analysing legislative frameworks, governance structures, stakeholder participation, and adaptive capacity. Standardised guidance for stakeholder identification and engagement was developed, knowledge gaps were identified, and tailored recommendations were communicated through story maps and policy briefs.
Strong alignment between tool development and application was ensured through dedicated workshops, continuous partner exchanges, practical guidelines, and a shared decision tree. All planning sites implemented realistic scenarios reflecting local objectives, MSP progress, ecological criteria, and economic trade-offs, contributing toward the 30x30 target. Robust data management, transparent governance, and active internal and external communication further supported collaboration, data sharing, and knowledge exchange across the project. MarinePlan engaged with other EU projects and participated in initiatives and workshops for knowledge exchange.
