Periodic Reporting for period 2 - CrackSense (High throughput real-time monitoring and prediction of fruit cracking by utilising and upscaling sensing and digital data technologies)
Periodo di rendicontazione: 2024-07-01 al 2025-12-31
Smart Farming applies modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into agriculture, and it is based on sensor data feedback. This proposal aims to develop and upscale sensing technologies to provide real time sensor data for addressing the problem of fruit cracking.
Fruit cracking is common in plantations, and may cause large scale yield loss. Its intensity is affected by intrinsic plant traits, by environmental parameters, and by management practices. Of the environmental and horticultural variables, climate and irrigation are considered as major players in determining cracking intensity, respectively. Once in a few years the disorder aggravates to more than 50 % of the fruits. It is hypothesised that extreme climatic conditions and sub-optimal irrigation regimes at certain phenological stages, reduce peel resistance to growth strains. There is no comprehensive model predicting climatic conditions that promote cracking incidence and severity – for specific crops and specific locations. The interaction between the climatic variables, management and temporal fruit development is unknown. Therefore, cracking is the combined effect of multiple factors, environmental and endogenous, and has an erratic and unpredicted nature.
Prediction of cracking incidence based on various sensing/imaging technologies by fruits and trees scanning as early as possible before the disorder becomes visible, could be ideal. So far, imaging technologies have not been developed, but upscaling and combining proximal and remote sensing tools might well allow cracking detection and the development of year-, plot- and region-based risk assessment models. Modelling requires, on the one hand, the collection of agri-environmental parameters for a given plot and growing region, and, on the other hand, high throughput and precise monitoring of fruit growth and cracking development, for as many fruits, plots and regions as possible. Earth Observation satellite data, meteorological stations and other sensors allow the collection of agri-environmental variables at all the above-mentioned levels. Other variables, such as plot location, topography, microclimate, soil texture, horticultural practices, and irrigation level, are also feasible features to collect at the required scale. Therefore, generation of large databases pertaining to different fruit species and containing all agri-environmental variables is a feasible. In contrast, collection of high throughput cracking data at the level of the individual fruit, tree, and plot, and the exact timing of cracking, are challenging tasks, and are therefore limited to a small number of trees and plots. The present proposal aims to upscale sensing methods for detection of cracking at the fruit, tree and plot levels. Exploiting a number of remote and proximal sensing tools is a key to generate the required dataset that could be combined with other ancillary features and be fed into prediction models. Furthermore, ML and AI methods could reveal the complex relationship between the various features and provide robust estimations of the risk of cracking. Upscaling crack monitoring by high throughput tools, in an automatic and timely manner, would improve our understanding of the phenomenon of cracking and eventually benefit the growers by providing them with better tools to manage cracking incidences and the subsequent yield loss.
Therefore, CrackSense key objective is to upscale sensing technologies to monitor fruit cracking and yield loss at the fruit, tree, plot and regional levels, and to integrate this data with agri-environmental monitoring data in order to generate models for predicting cracking incidence and risk at the fruit/plot/regional/country levels for a given year.
Fruit cracking is common in plantations, and may cause large scale yield loss. Its intensity is affected by intrinsic plant traits, by environmental parameters, and by management practices. Of the environmental and horticultural variables, climate and irrigation are considered as major players in determining cracking intensity, respectively. Once in a few years the disorder aggravates to more than 50 % of the fruits. It is hypothesised that extreme climatic conditions and sub-optimal irrigation regimes at certain phenological stages, reduce peel resistance to growth strains. There is no comprehensive model predicting climatic conditions that promote cracking incidence and severity – for specific crops and specific locations. The interaction between the climatic variables, management and temporal fruit development is unknown. Therefore, cracking is the combined effect of multiple factors, environmental and endogenous, and has an erratic and unpredicted nature.
Prediction of cracking incidence based on various sensing/imaging technologies by fruits and trees scanning as early as possible before the disorder becomes visible, could be ideal. So far, imaging technologies have not been developed, but upscaling and combining proximal and remote sensing tools might well allow cracking detection and the development of year-, plot- and region-based risk assessment models. Modelling requires, on the one hand, the collection of agri-environmental parameters for a given plot and growing region, and, on the other hand, high throughput and precise monitoring of fruit growth and cracking development, for as many fruits, plots and regions as possible. Earth Observation satellite data, meteorological stations and other sensors allow the collection of agri-environmental variables at all the above-mentioned levels. Other variables, such as plot location, topography, microclimate, soil texture, horticultural practices, and irrigation level, are also feasible features to collect at the required scale. Therefore, generation of large databases pertaining to different fruit species and containing all agri-environmental variables is a feasible. In contrast, collection of high throughput cracking data at the level of the individual fruit, tree, and plot, and the exact timing of cracking, are challenging tasks, and are therefore limited to a small number of trees and plots. The present proposal aims to upscale sensing methods for detection of cracking at the fruit, tree and plot levels. Exploiting a number of remote and proximal sensing tools is a key to generate the required dataset that could be combined with other ancillary features and be fed into prediction models. Furthermore, ML and AI methods could reveal the complex relationship between the various features and provide robust estimations of the risk of cracking. Upscaling crack monitoring by high throughput tools, in an automatic and timely manner, would improve our understanding of the phenomenon of cracking and eventually benefit the growers by providing them with better tools to manage cracking incidences and the subsequent yield loss.
Therefore, CrackSense key objective is to upscale sensing technologies to monitor fruit cracking and yield loss at the fruit, tree, plot and regional levels, and to integrate this data with agri-environmental monitoring data in order to generate models for predicting cracking incidence and risk at the fruit/plot/regional/country levels for a given year.
Major results and achievements include:
1. Based on integrated datasets from experimental sites, combining remote sensing tools, ground-based sensors, and climatic data, predictive models have been developed to estimate yield and cracking intensity across all studied crops and participating countries. In addition, ongoing research demonstrates that remote sensing data can reliably predict key tree-level variables, including canopy area, vegetative growth, and tree water status.
2. In 22 commercial plots, ground- and UAV-based sensing technologies have been implemented in 12 trees, selected to represent the spatial variability within each plot.
3. Models developed based on experimental plots are currently being validated through implementation in pilot plots to assess their robustness and practical applicability.
4. Regional-scale integration is supported by systematic collection of yield and cracking data from multiple plots distributed across diverse geographic locations.
5. By the end of the project, all datasets will be consolidated into a comprehensive predictive model capable of estimating cracking intensity at multiple spatial scales—fruit, tree, plot, and regional. This model will serve as the foundation for the development of a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS).
1. Based on integrated datasets from experimental sites, combining remote sensing tools, ground-based sensors, and climatic data, predictive models have been developed to estimate yield and cracking intensity across all studied crops and participating countries. In addition, ongoing research demonstrates that remote sensing data can reliably predict key tree-level variables, including canopy area, vegetative growth, and tree water status.
2. In 22 commercial plots, ground- and UAV-based sensing technologies have been implemented in 12 trees, selected to represent the spatial variability within each plot.
3. Models developed based on experimental plots are currently being validated through implementation in pilot plots to assess their robustness and practical applicability.
4. Regional-scale integration is supported by systematic collection of yield and cracking data from multiple plots distributed across diverse geographic locations.
5. By the end of the project, all datasets will be consolidated into a comprehensive predictive model capable of estimating cracking intensity at multiple spatial scales—fruit, tree, plot, and regional. This model will serve as the foundation for the development of a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS).
Not applicable for the reporting period