All four Work Packages delivered important new scientific results.
WP1 established the bases of a new integrative mathematical framework that connects such different stability concepts as resilience, reactivity, variability, return rates, and structural stability. We developed new stability measures that can be readily applied to empirical data. A novel perspective that emerges from our work is that ecological stability is an inherently multidimensional concept, even when focusing on a single stability metric such as invariability because the various species or components that make up an ecosystem govern different stages of the recovery process after a perturbation.
WP2 led to major advances regarding the spatial scaling of ecosystem functioning and stability and its relationships with the spatial scaling of biodiversity. It developed several novel theoretical approaches to these issues: a first approach based on the concepts of alpha, beta and gamma variability across a set of discrete spatial scales; a second approach based on an invariabilityarea relationship, which links ecological stability and the area observed over a continuous range of spatial scales; and a third approach based on an extended partition of biodiversity effects to quantify the insurance effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning across times and places.
WP3 moved the field forward in two main directions. First, it developed a promising new approach to complex ecosystems, which considers ecosystems as disordered systems resulting from an assembly process. Many of the functional, dynamical and structural properties of the complex communities that emerge from the assembly process can be predicted analytically from a random model parameterised by only four statistical properties of the community. Second, it used simpler dynamical models to provide, for the first time, solid theoretical foundations to study multiple ecosystem functions and services in complex ecosystems.
WP4 developed novel models that include the feedback loop between biodiversity, ecosystems and human societies together with changes in human behaviour and spatial ecological dynamics to investigate the stability of coupled social-ecological systems and their ability to keep providing ecosystem services to a growing human population. Our integrative dynamical approach provided important new insights into the long-term sustainability of human societies and of their interactions with biodiversity.
Lastly, we collaborated in several international efforts to synthesise scientific knowledge on the relationships between biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and ecosystem stability across scales. These efforts resulted in the publication of several review papers in top disciplinary and interdisciplinary journals.
