Novel building Integration Designs for increased Efficiencies in Advanced Climatically Tunable Renewable Energy Systems

Risultati finali

This data will be used to help create 2 toolkits for different stakeholder types, installers and building designers and another for home owners, communities groups and building users. These toolkits will include online resources such as resource calculators, system sizing and design, integration options for different building types, as well as more simplified calculations allowing the users to understand the system operation, define cost savings and payback. The UNICA team will analyse the data collected in Task 6.4 Deliberative Monetary Valuation (DMV) in order to estimate the Willingness to Pay (WTP) of consumers for the adoption of the IDEAS energy system, conditional on financial costs and economic and structural characteristics of the product; in addition, the estimates will allow identification of the relevant demographic, socio-psychological, building characteristics and other related context factors that could be a driver or a hinder to adoption. The results of Task 6.5 Survey Data analysis will be shared with ECI and PCRE for activities included in WP8: Dissemination and Exploitation. This will be completed under task 6.3, 6.4 & 6.5.

ITES-MES numerical model

According to the main needs (PV/T-PCMs cooling, space heating/cooling, energy storage), a preliminary layout/design of a parametrized MES plant will be numerically implemented in the commercial software TRNSYS, to test different conditions, e.g. heating/cooling requirements according different building energy label and/or climate zones, effects of different PCM performance. The model will propose and check preliminary control rules to manage the full thermal system that will be then evaluated and improved in WP4. The model will need the development of new routines (“types” in TRNSYS) to represent the PV/T-PCM system and the Flat-Panel/PCM ground heat exchanger, whereas the building requirement and the water-to-water heat pump are already available in the numerical suite. A first routine will be developed to characterize the new PV/T system; it will be implemented with modules already available in TRNSYS for standard application, as partially modified and adapted to represent the new PV/T behaviour in terms of energy and thermal performance. A second routine will then be implemented for solving the Flat-Panel heat transfer in the ground by mean of Green Functions methodology , already programmed in FORTRAN language that is compatible with TRNSYS. Finally, the PCM effect will be generalized in a third routine, based on the equivalent heat capacity methodology, to couple with the previous 2 modules. As characterized in WP2 and Task 3.1, behaviour and performance of different PCM installations will be numerically implemented in the PV/T-PCMs, floor and flat-panel types, respectively to analyse the impact and to maximize the overall performance. This will be completed under task 3.2.

Smart mobile App

Aiming to provide an intuitive and easy-to-use interface between end users and integrated automation and control system, this task will be dedicated to design and development of a smart mobile App. The App will, primarily, enable end users to monitor the most critical system parameters, define appropriate set-points for cooling/heating/DHW demand and receive alerts and notifications (e.g. in case of required DSM actions). Moreover, it will also raise awareness and spark higher engagement of end users related to utilisation of renewable energy sources and increasing their efficiency. In terms of design and requirement specification, the App will follow good practices of modern and robust applications while providing all necessary functions and information. In this regard, it will allow for visualization of user’s profile, settings and performance history, keeping track of real‐time energy consumption, production and performance, deliver important savings tips and reminders etc. The decision on the application deployment platform will be made following to the interviews of end users and characterisation of the demo sites. The consortium is equipped with expertise in development on both of the two most popular mobile platforms - the Android and iOS.This will be completed under task 4.3.

Multi-criteria RES/storage planning tool

An intelligent flexible control/operation strategy to be deployed on the system control unit. The overarching objective of developed strategy is to enable optimal operation of integrated IDEAS system which considers optimal energy dispatch in a multi-carrier energy environment with locally generated renewable energy, available energy storages and possible exchanges with the power grid. Moreover, operation complexity is further increased when variable energy pricing (ToU-time of use) schemes for both import and export are applicable, together with the flexibility on the demand side which may be used to increase overall system efficiency and cost effectiveness. This will be completed under task 4.1.

System supervision and control unit

This task will focus on development of supervision and control hardware unit which will be responsible for operation of integrated IDEAS system The hardware unit will feature a data acquisition module for collection of realtime measurements and sensing a business logic module where controloperation strategy developed in Task 42 will be deployed and interfacing with suitable actuators which will implement the devised control strategy Where applicable the unit will interface with primary control assets of deployed renewables eg microinverters battery charge controllers HP control unit and forward the control actions in the form of setpoints commands or else Given the system heterogeneity the unit will be equipped with IO module that supports multiple analogue current and voltage and digital inputs and outputs Moreover it will support interfacing with the most common communication standards and protocols such as IEC 60870 ModBus TCP SPA IEC 61850 DNP3 Profibus BACNet etc As a development platform an IMPs proprietary device called piko AtlasRTL will be considered as it represents a miniature modular remote terminal unit RTU for data acquisition and control with possibility of PLC algorithm implementation Finally a Web client will be developed for accessing the control units configuration and monitoring parametersSimplified information developed in this deliverable will be given to those in preparation of D63 to be included in the focus groupsThis will be completed under task 42

Development of numerical model for advanced concept

A computational design methodology will be investigated with reconstructions of natural morphologies through computational algorithms based on Biomimetics whereby higher-performance thermal regulation in PV/T can be generated. The numerical model will be developed by UU and UNIFE to predict the thermal performance of the system. TCD and LNEG will model the thermal performance in MatLab Simulink as comparisons. A numerical simulation model will be developed in conjunction with the model in Task 2.3 to simulate and predict biomimetic processes and therefore the optimisation of the heat sink with the PCM. Possible software includes FloEFD a 3D computational fluid dynamics analysis solution built into major MCAD systems such as Creo, CATIA V5, Siemens NX and SolidWorks, which will be particular useful for fabricating prototypes using the 3D printer as it can print from CAD. COMSOL Multiphysics will also be investigated for use in developing the biomimetic model with additional CFD, Heat Transfer modules as add-ons to the software (Ray Trace module can also be an add-on used in WP1). This will be completed under task 2.3.

Fabricated LDS layer on top of the asymmetric CPC designs systems - both direct and diffuse systems

Layers fabricated in 13 will be deposited on top of the solar cell in the CPC system It is very important that there should be no air gap between the layers and the solar cells The air gap can lead to reflection between the solar cell and the LDS layer producing a huge reduction of photons to be transferred to the solar cell The electricalthermal properties of the CPC system with and without the downshifting layers will be investigated Both designs will be characterised indoors under simulated solar radiation and outdoors under real conditions After characterisation improvements in the design of the integrated LDSCPC will be undertakenThis will be completed under task 17

DSM enabled operation optimisation strategy

The control/operation strategy will leverage the physical system model developed in Task 4.1 and apply suitable optimisation techniques to deliver optimal energy supply mix and scheduling of available energy assets for a requested (forecasted) demand profile and available flexibility. This flexibility will reflect different load types (e.g. critical, reschedulable and curtailable) and user defined comfort requirements to allow for application of Demand Side Management techniques (e.g. avoiding peak hour consumption, demand profile alignment with local generation profile etc.). The optimisation process will typically be employed to deliver day ahead scheduling but also to support intraday control actions. For the purpose of energy production and demand profile forecasting, different machine learning techniques will be tested (e.g. deep, convolutional ANN) while the optimisation will employ suitable linear or non-linear techniques, depending on the physical system modelling. This will be completed under task 4.1.

Fabrication of CPC system

Non imaging asymmetric CPC Photovoltaic Concentrators will be used in this task and will increase the concentration ratio to 2.5 through truncation and using the model developed in task 1.5. The advantages of this are (i) significant reduction in reflector material and thus overall system cost; (ii) overall increase in the diffuse solar radiation collection (iii) flat façade is produced that reduces accrual of dust and salt deposits. The LDS layers developed in 1.3 and PLDS layers developed from1.4 will form the aperture of this device. Different truncation will be employed for different system applications (lower and higher solar radiation climates). The stages will include (i) aperture design and construction in conjunction with WP1; (ii) reflector design and materials and reflector supports; (iii) PV cell integration; (iv) system enclosure and frame. This will be completed under task 1.6.

Report on evaluation and testing of the integrated components on the IDEAS system

Report on evaluation and testing of the integrated components on the IDEAS systemAn advanced control system with Artificial Intelligence AI technology will be employed to ensure maximised output for demandside management with predictive maintenance and optimizationThis will be completed under task 52

Desk Analysis Report

The aim is to identify those “institutional” factors that could influence the adoption of the IDEAS innovative energy system. The desk analysis will include two main activities: first, a context analysis (collecting information on relevant legislation, codes and rules related to application of renewable energy technology in buildings, and other relevant data, also related to market conditions at national/regional level). The second activity is the analysis of previous research (published literature, review of EU funded projects) that could provide useful insight on drivers and barriers for adoption of the IDEAS energy system. In particular, the analysis will be addressed to previous studies and projects that adopt a user-driven participatory approach and DMV with Stated Preference methodology to identify those socio-psychological factors that result to be relevant in comparable contexts. This will be completed under task 6.1.

Stock powder/solution for LDS layers fabrication

A range of luminescent species suitable for LDS layers fabrication will be developed with high quantum efficiency luminescent dyes. Further to this commercially available luminescent species (dye/ rare-earth complexes/QDs) will be purchased. These materials will be incorporated into commercially available polymers (Silicone, PMMA) to fabricate the LDS layers. Optimised Luminescent species will be characterised for their high luminescent quantum efficiency. Potential luminescent species will be determined through spectroscopic techniques. This will be completed under task 1.1.

Characterisation of novel designs and device optimisation

The thermal regulation along with the thermal storage charge and discharge capacity will be tested with upscaled design The proposed IDEAS system includes subcomponents i PV temperature regulation for CPC ii PVT thermal storage iii Underfloor PCM structure optimisation iv Insulation with PCM for building facade storage v Underground Thermal Energy Storage The key points for the system design are effective heat transportation for tuneable climate during the chargedischarge stage Combination of geometry structures and PCM materials eg Optimised PCMs for each case will be considered to increase the capacity for heat dissipation and release of expansion pressure for PV temperature regulation along with other thermal storage applications will be investigated The PCM will stabilise the temperature in the PV for a certain period dependent on the selected PCM system sizes shapes and ambient conditions as well as offer options for the use of heat stored for air water heating coolingDevelopment and fabrication of a novel structure for heat sink design in the BIPV system to improve the thermal performance will be undertaken in this task It builds on UUs experience in PV temperature regulation and thermal energy storage in buildings with PCM Huang et al 2004 2006 Huang 2011 Huang and Hewitt 2015 Dissipation of the heat from IDEAS device and store through PCM charge and discharge the heat cost efficiently are key aims for this project i Improve design by utilising natural convection in the finned PCM Huang et al 2011 and ii design by utilising biomimetic will be investigated in the charging and discharging of the stored heat in PCM through water circulation Julabo F33MA heat flow control equipment with 30 to 200C temperature control capacity will be used with circulation pump to provide thermal operation conditions for heat charge and discharge processing analysisAn advanced cost effective PCM thermal regulation system will be designed to optimise the heat dissipation from PV along with those enhanced PCMs developed in task 22 Numerical and experimental methods will be used to investigate the novel designSimplified information will also be developed in this deliverable to be given to those in preparation of D63 to be included in the focus groupsThis will be completed under task 26

Report on LCA

Life Cycle Assessment LCA will be undertaken using methodologies for energy related renovation and new builds It will focus only on the significant life cycle stages for energy related building ie the production transportation replacement and end of life of new materials for the thermal envelope and building integrated technical systems BITS and the operational energy demand LCA will include an outline of the impact categories selected for examination and the methodology for comparing the performance of each RE technology within the IDEAS system We will apply LCA to the building integrated IDEAS system against baseline electricity generation from fossil fuels as well as comparing with other combined RES systems currently on the market It will focus on for example significant life cycle stages for energy related building ie the production transportation replacement and end of life of new materials for the thermal envelope and building integrated technical systems BITS and the operational energy demand Further to this an LCA will be developed which will devise scenarios to incorporate circular economy CE improvements to the IDEAS system The rationale for applying the cradle to cradle system boundary conditions to capture the circular economy will also be presented along with addressing strategies to address CE improvements such as targeting hotspots in systems lifecycles This will be completed under task 74

Papers on LDS and pLDS - model & experiment

Papers will be written on the performance and comparison with validated model results. Along with outdoor results Outdoor testing will be carried out in TCD outdoor laboratory testing area. The system is composed of two sets of equipment, the first for measurements of the ambient outdoor solar irradiance and the second for measurement of the solar cell device electrical performance and characteristics. The global radiation on the horizontal surface (Gh) is measured using two adjacent pyranometers, and a spectroradiometer is used to record the solar spectrum from 300 nm to 1100 nm. A data logging system using a Delta T DL2e is used to record Gh values on a minute by minute basis. Data logging is controlled using the Delta T DL2e device software. The second set of core components will be used to measure electrical output parameters (Pmax, Vmax, Imax, Isc, Jsc, Voc, FF, Rsh, Rs) from prototypes developed in 1.3 luminescent solar device. This will be completed under task 1.3&4.

Small scale components integration on a test façade: envelope assessment, prototypes design and installation procedure

Small scale prototypes will be installed and evaluated still in the research phase, in order to minimise possible problems during the demonstration phase in the buildings. This task will be led by MCC and all the partners involved in the development of each component will be involved. This will be completed under task 5.1.

Performance assessment of the 2 demo buildings

This task aims at evaluating the energy performances of both the demonstration sites before and after the project solutions installation to assess final product performance Each of the systems will have embedded sensors to allow for an assessment of the panel performance along with an assessment of the realtime external environmental conditions The building inuse will also be analysed before and after renovation along with the environmental conditions to ensure that the building changes are with respect to the addition of the IDEAS system and to user behaviour or dramatic changes to the external climate Importantly this task will create new measurement and verification protocols for the assessment of the energy performance of the demonstration sites before and after the prefabricated renovation ensuring that building inuse behaviour and external environmental conditions are a key part of the benchmarking assessment and that final product performance is a direct result of panel performance and no other mitigating factors Simplified information developed in this deliverable will be given to those in preparation of D63 to be included in the focus groupsThis will be completed under task 55

Fabrication and Characterisation of optimised LDS/plasmonic-LDS layers and optimised LDS/PV and Plasmonic-LDS/PV prototypes

Optimum concentration of optical emitter for the prototype LDS layer will be determined by fabricating LDSs of varying concentrations and investigating through; optical, spectroscopy, microscopy, and electrical characterizations. Low concentration solutions of optical emitter will be prepared to minimize re-absorption which will be characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Luminescent quantum yield will be determined as it is important to have high QY of the luminescent species. Uniform thicknesses will be achieved by drop casting technique of the solutions onto glass plates and also by spin coating technique when fabricating thin film LDS layer. These characterizations will be correlated and validated by the Monte Carlo Ray-trace model to establish an optimum concentration. LDS layers and plasmonic-LDS layers will be tuned for different solar cells, attached to the top surface of the PV cell solar cells and their electrical performance will characterised using a small-scale solar simulator. Also, their quantum efficiency (QE) will be measured using a LOT-Quantum-Design QE system available within the SEAG group at TCD and LEITAT. Perovskites, Dye sensitised cells and organic dye cells will be of particular interest as they are sensitive in the UV range with typically high degradation rates in this region. Downshifting layers will absorb energy in the UV range and re emit at longer wavelengths such as in the visible range where the solar cells work best. The reemission range will be tuned to suit a particular solar cell absorption range by choice of luminescent material in a downshifting layer. Optimisation of the techniques will be undertaken, and results presented in a paper where the maximum enhancement achieved will be utilised for the fabrication. This will be completed under task 1.3.

Validated model of LDS and pLDS

A ray trace analysis is the process of following the paths of a large number of rays of incident radiation through the system in order to determine the number of processed rays on the surface of the LDS layer It allows absorption reflection and transmittance to be determined and therefore the optical efficiency to be calculated Using this technique a parametric analysis will be carried out and the optical properties of the system optimized The ray trace model will be extended for use in designing LDS layers with additional MNP layersThis will be completed under task 12

Validated model with experiments

Small prototypes will be fabricated using the 3D printer in UU A number of indoor tests will be undertaken under different fluid flow conditions and temperature variations Through extensive experimental measurements the performance of the effect of thermal storage and thermal regulation will be analysed These small systems will be used in conjunction with the simulations in order to validate the developed model under different stages This will be completed under task 24

Identification of PCM & characterisation and provide report on PCMs for IDEAS with the experimental effect of PCMs used in the selected applications.

PCM will be integrated to the components for i) temperature regulation; ii) thermal storage; iii) insulation and iv) underfloor heating / cold distribution in buildings. There are a large range of selection for the PCMs (for example in Figure 6 a&b). PCM selection will focus on Organic / Hydrate Salts / Solid-Solid / Molten Salts. PCM characterisation will include Differential Scanning Calorimetry, full thermal bath freeze & melt cycle, life cycle tests and temperature history methods. Melting point(s), latent heat capacity and thermal conductivity will be determined by experimental and analytical methods under controlled simulated solar conditions and ambient conditions in laboratory environments. Enhancement will be investigated; in particular the enhancement of PCM thermal conductivity. PCMs used for different applications will be experimentally investigated for i) temperature regulation (Building integrated photovoltaics); ii) thermal storage (Domestic hot water); iii) insulation (Building facade / thermal storage insulation) and iv) underfloor heating / cooling distribution in buildings and underground thermal energy storage. Micro or Macro encapsulated PCM will be used in buildings in the IDEAS, utilising Organic / Hydrate Salts / Solid-Solid / Molten Salts options. The effects of enhanced heat charge/discharge with advanced PCMs system structure will be experimentally tested in each case. This will be completed under task 2.1.

Development of simplified resources to be shared with WP6 to enable feedback from user communities

All members of the WP will work towards developing resources to share with WP6 to enable them to discuss the initial designs with the stakeholders and gain valuable feedback to inform further research within this WP. Simplified information developed in this deliverable will be given to those in preparation of D6.3 to be included in the focus groups. This will be completed under task 1.8.

Report on the assessment of the Developed Iterative Design Methodology and Software Tools

This task will evaluate the methodology developed in WP4 and the software platforms developed in WP7 Performance with respect to the end goal of improving the RES integration process and installation time and ensure final product performance matches that designed will be assessed The evaluation of the IDM will compare planned and realised times in the stages of the construction project as indicated in the developed process maps planned and actual turnover and planned and actual utilisation of human and material resources It will also assess the participation and effectiveness of stakeholders involved in the process This assessment will assist in promoting completeness transparency and consistency in carrying out the tasks but also the successful resolution of issues arising from subcontracting delays changes in ownership responsibility operating expenses etc The input for the assessment will be provided by the stakeholders of the pilots preferably by drawing information from the web platform once it is populated The evaluation of the web platform and data exchange server will consist of common performance ratings regarding authentication authorisation penetration testing connectivity by comparing offlineonline times document locking versioning publishing and user behaviour logging document check in out frequency tools usage frequency acceptance degree of expertise to manage the tool etc This will be completed under task 54

Guidelines for ITES design

ITES represents the thermal buffer to equilibrate different and non-synchronous thermal energy requirements. At building and daily scale, the ITES functionality can be provided by an underfloor or wall heating/cooling system and the novel PV/T solution (WP1), all enhanced with suitable PCMs (WP2). At seasonal and building footprint, the function can be supplied by means of horizontal ground heat exchangers (HGHEs) backfilled with an environmentally friendly mixture between PCMs and soil, blow moulded HDPE containers or by another application. This improvement will perform an Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) into the very shallow ground, to meet the energy requirement of different climate zones (heating/cooling). Both solutions work with the largest and most massive elements available at building scale (floor/wall, ground), and therefore with the most suitable parts for thermal storage functions. For daily ITES, the PCM selection carried out in WP2 will be implemented according to the specific building elements, to maximize performance, minimize costs and avoid user impacts (installation, maintenance, decommissioning). Especially, methods and technologies will be studied for refurbishing cases, since that represents the main application. To this end, different building stocks and climate zones will be taken into account to classify different technologies, according to the wide literature about the topic. (Song et al., 2018, Lu et al., 2017, Ostrý et al.2016) As for the ground heat exchanger (GHE), the novel flat-panel technology will be adopted, since it combines the highest energy performance of shallow GHEs with a suitable shape for exploiting the PCMs mixture. Flat-panel is an EU patent pending of UNIFE (EP2418439A2) and has been already tested in several ground-source HP systems. Because its coupling with PCMs was only numerically analysed , a smart test rig will be designed and tested at lab scale, to check the performance of different kinds of installations (Micro-Macro encapsulated, blow moulded HDPE containers) of the PCMs selected in WP2, in coupling with the most common urban soil textures for UTES, both in cooling and heating needs. Similar applications are still not well studied in literature, especially for shallow ground which is largely affected by the weather. The main goal of this task is to provide guidelines for ITES solutions according to building energy requirements, costs, architectural and environmental limits. This will be completed under task 3.1.

Report on optimization (for developing together with WP4)

IDEAS proposes integration of different complementary renewable energy technologies RET aiming to increase individual and overall system efficiency and cost effectiveness This task will focus on delivering a design methodology and a multicriteria decision support tool for determining optimal integration approach and sizingdimensioning of system components The tool will leverage a longterm simulationoptimisation of hybrid RET system operation typically 1020 yrs to evaluate its performance and perform technoeconomic feasibility assessment To test multiple integration options the tool will investigate different combinations of RETs considering different components sizes eg rated power of PV panels thermal storage capacity HP capacity etc as well as different system topologies eg use of multiple microinverters over a single device with or without storage etc Each combination will be considered as a unique configuration The major system components will be varied while the auxiliary equipment dimensioning will be determined by the Balance of System BoS analysis Each configuration will be formalised via parametrised mathematical model either deterministicstochastic and in combination with renewable energy harvesting potential of each demo site based on historical meteorological data for specific site eg TMYtypical meteorological year used for numerical simulationoptimisation of longterm configuration operation Depending on the complexity of adopted models various linear eg Linear Programming or Mixed Integer Linear Programming and nonlinear eg Genetic Algorithms optimisation techniques will be used to tune the system parameters The system cost effectiveness will be calculated based on necessary initial investment operation and maintenance OM costs cost of fuel if applicable and cost of capital As a result evaluation of relevant key performance indicators KPIs for each configuration will be derived covering different technical total renewable energy production total imports from power grid etc environmental GHG emissions and economic indicators eg Levelized Cost of Electricity Net Present Value Return of Investment Internal Rate of Return etc To reach a desired tradeoff across different often confronted design criteria and establish outranking among multiple feasible configuration alternatives a stateoftheart multicriteria decision support methods will be utilized such as ELECTRE AHP TOPSIS or PROMETHEE Finally for the purpose of mathematical modelling and numerical simulationsoptimisations a wellknown environment such as MATLABSimulink GAMS or else will be employedThis will be completed under task 73

Report on Cost evaluation of the IDEAS concept applied to different buildings and climates

A cost evaluation of the IDEAS concept will be performed based on performance data coming from the technical development Work Packages namely WP1 WP2 WP3 and WP4 on estimations of a commercial production of the different components and on its integration in the overall IDEAS concept Due to the degree of uncertainty that this analysis has having in mind the different components of the concept and also the different types and conditions of implementation of the concept different types of buildings in different climatic conditions and with different users the cost evaluation will be presented in terms of a range of costs A sensitivity analysis to different cost components will be performed This will be completed under task 72

Multi-source/sink Energy Sub-system

MES will be designed according the functionality of an invertible heat pump group able to exploit different thermal source/sink: PV/T-PCMs, air (outdoor and waste heat) and ground. The heat pump will be assumed as a standard water-to-water technology, electrically driven to exploit the PV power, reversible to satisfy both heating and cooling requirements, and integrated with PCM thermal storage foreseen by user-side (heating/cooling floor/wall, UTES, PV/T-PCM). Compact air heat exchanger (fin & tube), Flat-Panel ground heat exchangers and biomimetic PV/T-PCM heat discharge system will provide a multi-source thermal harvesting opportunity, whose tailored exploitation will have to be controlled in real-time by a control unit (WP4) to optimise and match energy supply and demand, also considering the weather conditions. This will be completed under task 3.2.

Preliminary control rules for ITES-MES plants (winter)& (summer)

The model will be compared with the prototype behaviour and eventually modifiedcalibrated for having a decisional support system for design ITESMES solutions according different combinations among energy labels and climate zones As a consequence this methodology will also support the design and optimization of the real scale plants planned in Ireland and Italy TRL5 in terms of PCMs and thermal storage systemsMoreover the experimental test will be under the framework for codifying preliminary PLC rules to control the overall system and therefore to support the WP4 optimizationThis will be completed under task 34

Retrofitting of the demo buildings: envelope assessment, design and installation procedures

Based on the demo building assessment performed in Task 63 and on the DSS outputs the best solution for each demo site will be defined according to the climatic conditions the energy targets to be achieved as well as several technical and nontechnical parameters The fullscale IDEAS technologies will be manufactured and transported to the demo sites The installation of the external components will be performed according to the guidelines and procedures developed in WP6This will be completed under task 53

CPC developed model and validation

A ray trace model will be developed and set up to investigate the performance of a CPC for different climatic conditions. For example in Dublin at 53°N daylight hours varies from about 18 to 8 hours over the course of the year. Due to the long winter nights and cold weather, the average energy requirement in the winter is much higher compared to the summer. The optimized tilt angle for a solar energy system changes throughout the year as illustrated in figure 8 for Dublin and Spain. When investigating the optimum CPC design for different climatic conditions these angles will be taken into account. The ray trace model will be used to determine the optimized CPC shape in order to maximize concentration in a static building component in different types of climatic conditions. This will be completed under task 1.5.

Report on Techno Economic Indicators for different Buildings and Climatic conditions

Report on Techno Economic Indicators for different Buildings and Climatic conditionsEvaluation of relevant key performance indicators KPIs for each configuration will be derived covering different technical total renewable energy production total imports from power grid etc environmental GHG emissions and economic indicators eg Levelized Cost of Electricity Net Present Value Return of Investment Internal Rate of Return etc To reach a desired tradeoff across different often confronted design criteria and establish outranking among multiple feasible configuration alternatives a stateoftheart multicriteria decision support methods will be utilized such as ELECTRE AHP TOPSIS or PROMETHEE Finally for the purpose of mathematical modelling and numerical simulationsoptimisations a wellknown environment such as MATLABSimulink GAMS or else will be employedEconomies of scale will also be addressed in this reportThis will be completed under task 73

Model Development report

A MatLab Simulink model of the technical performance of the IDEAS concept integrated in different types of buildings (multifamily, public, commercial) and climatic conditions will be developed. This model will use TMY Meteorological data for different climatic zones in Europe and the basic characteristics of the IDEAS concept (electricity, heating and cooling performances and storage capacity) will be used to feed the technical model. The results of the model can be used in obtaining techno-economic indicators but also for tuning the development of the device by integrating the model with an optimization process. This will be completed under task 7.1.

In-depth Interviews Report

The objective of the in-depth interview phase is to collect more detailed information on drivers and barriers and relevant factors influencing consumer behaviour. The first activity will be the creation of a stakeholder matrix in the 2 countries (Ireland and Italy) where pilot installations will be implemented. In-depth interviews with privileged interlocutors (architects, technicians, urban planners, etc.) will be conducted dealing with relevant issues emerged in the analysis performed in the Task 6.1 Desk Analysis. This will be completed under task 6.2.

Fabricated Biomimetic concept

Biomimetic methods will be used to dissipate the heat in BIPV on increasing the efficiency of converting solar energy into electricity. Making systems lighter, stronger and highly efficient has been a goal. In manufacturing, engineers are increasingly employing biologically inspired algorithms to design many objects. By accepting biomimetic design concepts designers and engineers can reduce the size or weight of PV temperature regulation module and thermal storage for greater efficiency and cost savings. In the biomimetic design, leaf veins, honeycomb and bone structure have been well investigated on evaporation cooling and by airplane manufacturers to produce light weight structures (Hatton et al., 2013; Chow et al., 2011 and Noblin et al., 2008). In this project, three bionic structures will be investigated for PCM heat sinks: leaves vein, honeycomb and bone architecture along with blood vessel networks as water circulation system prototypes. IDEAS will investigate the natural microchannels inspired by these natural thermodynamic systems. A 3D printer will be used to produce the prototypes based at UU. This will inspire many new designs for heat transfer techniques since 3D printing allows user-specific or site-specific manufacturing of highly functional products. Stages of the task include initial design evaluation, rapid prototyping, through to optimized prototype manufacture, and modelled components. This will be completed under task 2.2.

PTD and Focus Group Reports

This task will be mainly addressed to support IDEAS developers through a user-driven participatory approach (PTD) based on repeated focus groups; at each stage of the methodology different information inputs about the IDEAS innovative energy system will be presented to potential users in order to collect feedbacks that will be provided to the technology developers. Information will be collated from each WP 1-5 throughout the project and used with the focus groups. Four focus groups per pilot site area (Ireland, Italy) will be organised with citizens. This will be completed under task 6.3.

DMV Research Report

The Focus Groups described in Task 63 will also be used for Deliberative Monetary Valuation DMV The information and data collected in Task 61 Desk Analysis Task 62 Indepth Interviews and the information collected in the first focus group conducted in Task 63 Focus group will be used by UNICA to set the experimental design and the questionnaire for the Choice Experiment study The set of attributes of the Choice Experiment scenario will possibly include three attributes already identified to demonstrate the advantages of the IDEAS innovative energy system installation costs payback time and CO2 reduction Other attributes will be inserted in order to take into account factors identified in the previous tasks that could affect the adoption of the IDEAS innovative energy system Partner TCD with the support of UNIFE ECI and APESF will help UNICA to provide suitable technical information to citizens involved in the DMV at the different stages of the development of the IDEAS innovative energy system The questionnaires and choice experiments scenarios will be administrated during the second third and fourth focus group The final step of this task will be the construction of the dataset for subsequent analysisThis will be completed under task 64

ITES-MES prototype at small scale

The preliminary MES design carried out in Task 3.2 will be used as a reference for the design and installation of a first prototype at lab scale (TRL4), as revamping of a dual-source heat pump already operating at the TekneHub labs . Here, a modified air-to-air heat pump (2.5kW, R410a) only devoted to the air-conditioning of a small room (50m3) is already operating with a novel functionality of switching between air and ground, as controlled by a PLC for the most comfortable temperature. The exploitation of the ground is carried out by means of 12m of Flat-Panels, whose trench is fillable with PCMs, according the easiness in moving the backfilling sand. To better represent the full system at a small-scale, the room will be refurbished according to the guidelines obtained in Task 3.1, and the plant will be then revamped with the installation of a tailored prototype of the novel PV/T-PCM system. The small-scale prototype fulfils the function of a cheap test case for checking and eventually calibrating the TRNSYS model implemented in Task 3.2, toward a reliable and affordable design of real cases. Moreover, it can support dissemination and communication activities of WP8. Simplified information developed in this deliverable will be given to those in preparation of D6.3 to be included in the focus groups. This will be completed under task 3.3.

Report of the prediction and analysis on the systems

Using the validate model an extensive numerical simulation will predict the thermal performance of thermal storage and thermal regulation of the PVTPCM system Variable and realistic ambient conditions will be used to predict the performance of the system integrated to the buildingsThis will be completed under task 25

System deployment and integration

This task will be devoted to actual hardware integration at each demonstration site The process will initiate with a technical characterisation of proprietary IDEAS renewable energy technology and available energy assets present at each site This will include definition of integration requirements missing sensing and communication interoperability challenges for the control unit etc Once this is done a tailor made hardware deployment plan will be made for each demonstration site and separate instances of the control unit will be developed so as to best fit the specific integration requirements Finally this task will deal with the physical deployment of supervisionmonitoring automation and control equipment and its commissioning at each demonstration siteThis will be completed under task 44

Experimental results of the prototype (winter)& (summer)

Tests will be carried out in winter and summer time to advance all parts of the project (PV/T-PCMs, ITES/MES coupling, control rules), according the experimental performance investigated by mean of the prototype and the TRNSYS model implemented in Task 3.2. This will be completed under task 3.4.

Format for Quarterly e-letter, blogs, internet releases

Format will be developed for Quarterly e-letter, blogs, internet releases • IDEAS project information collateral comprising a package of IDEAS information, flyers etc. • The IDEAS Bulletin; a six-monthly publication featuring news re project activities to be distributed initially to a mailing list of at least 400 persons/organisations within the RES & Energy Efficiency interest groups; • Publication of public results through appropriate research dissemination channels such as international conferences and specialist interest research workshops. This will be completed under task 8.1.

Website Development

Firstly project branding including the logo will be developed. Implementation of the IDEAS project website for active and timely presentation of the project results, including an internal part for the exchange of information such as: agendas of meetings, minutes, templates, working documents, action plans, reports, data and an external part open to the public including non-confidential information about the project objectives and work plan, coming events (seminars), public deliverables and awareness raising materials, published papers, validation actions, training courses, lectures at universities. The website will be set-up at www.integratedrenewables.eu containing relevant project information (e.g. partners, objectives, links to similar projects, events, publications, presentations). The website will serve as the main information source for extensive project publicity and will include a glossary of terms to ease understanding for audiences outside the IDEAS network. This will be completed under task 8.1.

Second Dissemination Workshop & Clustering Event

The IDEAS consortium will organise a multi-lateral meeting of EU and H2020 funded projects based on the areas of Integration of RES, TES and advanced DSM in buildings as well as further relevant actors or initiatives within the field of integrated building energy systems. It will build upon the existing RES networks, building networks and community networks of the consortium and generate new synergies. The activity will be used as a networking platform to introduce researchers and industry to the IDEAS project and recent results, new solutions and engage discussions which in the long run will generate new initiatives. For this activity, collaboration with the INEA will be sought in order to synchronise and meaningfully complement the INEA activities, in particular those on RES and Energy in Buildings along with any on Behavioural Change for Energy.

Second External Advisory Review

Second External Advisory ReviewThis will be completed under task 8.2.

First External Advisory Review

This will include the reviews by the external advisory board that will provide advice and steering to the project. There will be 2 reviews at M18 and M30 of the project and these will include presentations from the EAP members on the various on-going activities in their own organisations and in general with respect to the wider context of smart cities. This will allow for the IDEAS project to be fully informed with respect to activities that may not necessarily be in the public domain and ensures that the final tool developed is in-line with on-going public and commercial activities. In addition, the IDEAS project results will be presented to the EAP for their comment, advice and steering. Following each EAP review meeting a report will be delivered outlining new and on-going public and commercial activities that should be taken into account by IDEAS along with a report on the EAB comments and advice that should be made to the project. This will be completed under task 8.2.

Exploitation Plan

The exploitation plan will include an overall plan for the project consortium, plus individual plans for each consortium member where they will directly participate in exploitation of project outcomes. This will ensure that the outputs of the IDEAS project are taken up and extended after the end of the project. Therefore, this task will create an Exploitation and Continuity Plan aimed at the exploitation of the IDEAS project’s result on a global scale, this includes • Identification of the factors influencing exploitation and wide deployment of the project’s results • Development of specific measures securing the methodology continuity beyond the project’s end • Deep analysis and continuous monitoring of the market surrounding the project • Identification of new and existing barriers for project implementation This will be completed under task 8.3.

First Dissemination Workshop

First Dissemination Workshop will be held for all stakeholders. This will be completed under task 8.1.

Third Dissemination Workshop

Third Dissemination WorkshopThis will be completed under task 8.1.

Second Journal/Conference Paper Submission

Second JournalConference Paper SubmissionThis will be completed under task 81

Review of Proposed Dissemination Plan

All partners will work on the IDEAS Dissemination Plan This will be completed under task 8.1.

First Journal/Conference Paper Submission

First Journal/Conference Paper Submission This will be completed under task 8.1.

Report on Project Dissemination

Report on Project Dissemination methods - a critical assessment will be undertaken to outline the best methods for future H2020 projects.This will be completed under task 8.1.

Data Management Plan

A Data Management Plan will be developed with inputs from all partners. The project will generate many different types and forms of data. This will include reports, specifications, drawings, methodologies and processes and energy data. Most of these will be directly related to the research activities of the project, for example, each work package has many deliverables which are created as reports. Within these reports, the specifications for how the technologies will be produced, the processes and installation techniques for the building and the software tools for decision support and exchange of information will be provided. This will be completed under task 9.1, 9.2,9.3.

Pubblicazioni

Study on thermal performance of a PCM enhanced hydronic radiant floor heating system

Autori: Barbara Larwa, Silvia Cesari, Michele Bottarelli
Pubblicato in: Energy, Numero 225, 2021, Pagina/e 120245, ISSN 0360-5442
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120245

Second Journal Publication-A weather forecast-based control for the improvement of PCM enhanced radiant floors

Autori: Silvia Cesari, Giuseppe Emmi, Michele Bottarelli
Pubblicato in: Applied Thermal Engineering, 2022, ISSN 1359-4311
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118119

Tariff-based load shifting for domestic cascade heat pump with enhanced system energy efficiency and reduced wind power curtailment

Autori: Khoa Xuan Le, Ming Jun Huang, Christopher Wilson, Nikhilkumar N. Shah, Neil J. Hewitt
Pubblicato in: Applied Energy, Numero 257, 2020, Pagina/e 113976, ISSN 0306-2619
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113976

Role of phase change materials in backfilling of flat-panels ground heat exchanger

Autori: Michele Bottarelli, Eleonora Baccega, Silvia Cesari, Giuseppe Emmi
Pubblicato in: Renewable Energy, Numero 189, 2022, Pagina/e 1324-1336, ISSN 0960-1481
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.061

Enhancement of shallow ground heat exchanger with phase change material

Autori: Emmi G., Bottarelli M.
Pubblicato in: Renewable Energy,, Numero 206, 2023, Pagina/e 828-837, ISSN 0960-1481
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.079

“Techno-economic assessment of cascade air-to-water heat pump retrofitted into residential buildings using experimentally validated simulations

Autori: Khoa Xuan Le, Ming Jun Huang, Nikhilkumar Shah, Christopher Wilson, Paul Mac Artain, Raymond Byrne, Neil J. Hewitt.
Pubblicato in: Applied Energy, Numero 250, 2019, Pagina/e 633–652, ISSN 0306-2619
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.041

Synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties of π-conjugated pyrene based down-shifting molecules with fluorinated aryl groups

Autori: Hélio Lopes Barros, Maria Alexandra Esteves, Maria João Brites,
Pubblicato in: Dyes and Pigments, 2023, ISSN 0143-7208
Editore: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2023.111103

Polarization-sensitive anisotropic plasmonic properties of quantum dots and Au nanorod composites

Autori: Subhash Chandra, Hind Ahmed, Sarah McCormack
Pubblicato in: Optics Express, Numero 28/14, 2020, Pagina/e 20191, ISSN 1094-4087
Editore: Optical Society of America
DOI: 10.1364/oe.394560

Novel building integration designs for increased efficiencies in advanced climatically tunable renewable energy systems

Autori: Bill Senior, Lugh O' Braonain, Sarah McCormack
Pubblicato in: Project Repository Journal, Numero Vol 6, 2020, Pagina/e 16, ISSN 2632-4067
Editore: EDMA
DOI: 10.3030/815271

A simple and effective grid-supporting low voltage ride-through scheme for single-stage photovoltaic power plants

Autori: Nasiri, M., Arzani, A., McCormack, S.J.
Pubblicato in: Solar Energy, 2022, ISSN 0038-092X
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.11.052

Performance improvement of vapor-injection heat pump system by employing PVT collector/evaporator for residential heating in cold climate region

Autori: Jian Yao, Sihang Zheng, Daochuan Chen, Yanjun Dai, Mingjun Huang
Pubblicato in: Energy, Numero Volume 219, 2021,, 2021, Pagina/e 119636, ISSN 0360-5442
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.119636

A heat pump-based multi-source renewable energy system for the building air conditioning: The IDEAS project experience

Autori: Silvia Cesari; Alessia Natali; Barbara Larwa; Eleonora Baccega; Micol Boschetti; Elena Mainardi; Marco Cavazzuti; Agostino Piazzi; Giulio Mangherini; Donato Vincenzi; Michele Bottarelli
Pubblicato in: TECNICA ITALIANA-Italian Journal of Engineering Science, Numero 65, 2021, Pagina/e 12-22, ISSN 0040-1846
Editore: IIETA
DOI: 10.18280/ti-ijes.650102

Small and Large Scale Plasmonically Enhanced Luminescent Solar Concentrator for Photovoltaic Applications: Modelling, Optimisation and Sensitivity Analysis

Autori: Mehran Rafiee, Subhash Chandra, Hind Ahmed, Keith Barnham, Sarah McCormack
Pubblicato in: Optics Express, 2021, ISSN 1094-4087
Editore: Optical Society of America
DOI: 10.1364/oe.418183

Synthesis and photophysical properties of tetraphenylethylene derivatives as luminescent downshifting materials for organic photovoltaic applications - Dyes and Pigments 195

Autori: Hélio Lopes Barros, Maria Alexandra Esteves, Maria João Brites,
Pubblicato in: Dyes and Pigments, 2021, ISSN 0143-7208
Editore: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.dyepig.2021.109724

Optimized 3D Finite-Difference-Time-Domain Algorithm to Model the Plasmonic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles with Near-Unity Accuracy

Autori: Mehran Rafiee, Subhash Chandra, Hind Ahmed, Sarah J. McCormack
Pubblicato in: Chemosensors, Numero 9/5, 2021, Pagina/e 114, ISSN 2227-9040
Editore: MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9050114

Tariff based load shifting for domestic cascade heat pump with enhanced system energy efficiency and reduced wind power curtailment

Autori: Khoa Xuan Le; Ming Jun Huang; Christopher Wilson; Nikhilku Shah; Neil J Hewit
Pubblicato in: Applied Energy, Numero 257, 2020, ISSN 0306-2619
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76221-6_13

Modelling and Numerical Simulation for an Innovative Compound Solar Concentrator: Thermal Analysis by FEM Approach

Autori: Maurizio Carlini, Sarah Josephine McCormack, Sonia Castellucci, Anita Ortega, Mirko Rotondo, Andrea Mennuni
Pubblicato in: Energies, Numero 13/3, 2020, Pagina/e 548, ISSN 1996-1073
Editore: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/en13030548

Phase change material-sand mixtures for distributed latent heat thermal energy storage: Interaction and performance analysis.

Autori: Barbi S., Barbieri F., Marinelli S., Rimini B., Merchiori S., Larwa B., Bottarelli M., Montorsi M.
Pubblicato in: Renewable Energy, Numero 169, 2021, Pagina/e 1066-1076., ISSN 0960-1481
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.088

The impact of PCMs integrated in GHXs backfilling material

Autori: Silvia Cesari, Eleonora Baccega, Giuseppe Emmi, Michele Bottarelli
Pubblicato in: World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies Newsletter, Numero Vol 13, issue 5, December 2021, 2021, Pagina/e 3
Editore: WSSET
DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.29884.21129

LTES with PCMs in radiant floor

Autori: Eleonora Baccega, Silvia Cesari, Michele Bottarelli
Pubblicato in: World Society pf Sustainable Energy Technologies Newsletter, Numero Volume 12, Numero 7, December 2020, 2020, Pagina/e 2
Editore: WSSET

Geothermal recharge with PVT panels

Autori: Eleonora Baccega, Silvia Cesari, Giuseppe Emmi, Michele Bottarelli
Pubblicato in: World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies Newsletter, Numero Vol 13, issue 4, July 2021, 2021, Pagina/e 3
Editore: WSSET
DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.16462.43848

PCMs integrated in radiant floor

Autori: Michele Bottarelli, Silvia Cesari, Barbara Larwa
Pubblicato in: World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies, Numero Volume 12, Numero 1, January 2020, 2020, Pagina/e 7
Editore: WSSET

Defining critical parameters in a luminescent downshifting layer for PV enhancement

Autori: Maria F. Ayala Barragan, Subhash Chandra, Bill Cass, Sarah J. McCormack
Pubblicato in: WREC 2020, 2021
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.24816.99845

Implementation and Optimization of a Luminescent Down-Shifting Photovoltaic System for use in a Compound Parabolic Concentrator

Autori: Aaron Glenn, Subhash Chandra, Bill Cass, & Sarah J. McCormack
Pubblicato in: WREC 2020, 2021
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.35312.58883

Performance Investigation of An Air Source Heat Pump forResidential Heat Supply Through PCM Underfloor Heating

Autori: Ming Jun Huang and Neil J. Hewitt
Pubblicato in: ISES Solar World Congress 2019, 2019
Editore: ISES

Characterisation of Luminescent Downshifting Layer Effects on Silicon Solar Cells.

Autori: Cass, B., Chandra, S., Sethi, A., McCormack, S.J.
Pubblicato in: Proceedings of the WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY CONGRESS XX, Lisbon, Portugal, July 26-30th 2020., 2022
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76221-6_97

Compound Parabolic Concentrator Design: Assessment of Performance Enhancement for Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Systems.

Autori: Saers, S., Ortega, A., Chandra, S., McCormack, S.J.
Pubblicato in: Proceedings of the WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY CONGRESS XX, Lisbon, Portugal, July 26-30th 2020, 2022
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76221-6_99

'Impact of Input Capacitors in Boost Converters on Stability and Maximum Power Point Tracking in PV systems’,

Autori: Mojtaba Nasri, Chandra, Subhash and Taherkhani, Morteza and McCormack, Sarah J,
Pubblicato in: IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC),, 2021, Pagina/e 1004—1008
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/pvsc43889.2021.9518903

Implementation and Optimization of a Luminescent Down-Shifting Photovoltaic System for Use in a Compound Parabolic Concentrator

Autori: Glenn, A., Chandra, S., Cass, B., McCormack, S.J.
Pubblicato in: Sustainable Energy Development and Innovation. Innovative Renewable Energy, 2022
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76221-6_100

Design and Characterization of a Roof-Mounted Compound Parabolic Concentrator

Autori: Ortega, A., Chandra, S., McCormack, S.J.
Pubblicato in: Proceedings of the WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY CONGRESS XX, Lisbon, Portugal, July 26-30th 2020, 2022
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76221-6_98

Characterisation of Luminescent Downshifting Layer effects on Silicon Solar Cells

Autori: Cass, B, Chandra, S., Sethi A., & McCormack, S. J.
Pubblicato in: WREC 2020, 2021
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.23139.27685

'Modelling Optimal PV System Sizing for Zero Energy Buildings’, 2021

Autori: Thaherkhani, Morteza and Ahmadi, Marzieh and Chandra, Subhash and Nasiri, Mojtaba and McCormack, Sarah J.
Pubblicato in: IEEE 48th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Renewable Energy and Sustainable Buildings, 2021, Pagina/e 2027—2031
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/pvsc43889.2021.9518756

Defining Critical Parameters in a Luminescent Downshifting Layer for PV Enhancement.

Autori: Ayala Barragan, M.F., Chandra, S., Cass, B., McCormack, S.J.
Pubblicato in: Proceedings of the WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY CONGRESS XX, Lisbon, Portugal, July 26-30th 2020, 2022
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76221-6_96

Chapter CH 00126 : Down-Shifting of the Incident Light for Photovoltaic Applications,

Autori: Y. Jestin, S. Chandra, B. Cass, H. Ahmed+, S J McCormack,
Pubblicato in: Comprehensive Renewable Energy, Numero 2, 2022, Pagina/e 1- 4700, ISBN 9780128197271
Editore: Elsevier

Chapter 67: Enhancing Energy Utilisation In Building with Combining Building Integrated PV and Air Source Heat Pump for Underfloor Heating using Phase Change Materials

Autori: MJ Huang, NJ Hewitt,
Pubblicato in: Renewable Energy and Sustainable Buildings, Selected Papers from the WREC2018, 2019, Pagina/e 813-823, ISBN 978-3-030-18487-2
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18488-9

Large scale compound parabolic concentrator for building integrated façade. (Doctoral dissertation)

Autori: Ortega, A.
Pubblicato in: Doctoral dissertation, 2023
Editore: TCD Dublin

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