Description du projet
Une vision pour les personnes atteintes de maladies dégénératives de l’œil
Les chats voient beaucoup mieux la nuit que les humains, car ils ont plus de bâtonnets que de cônes. Les bâtonnets et les cônes sont deux types de photorécepteurs présents dans la rétine. Les bâtonnets réagissent à la lumière de faible intensité avec une faible acuité spatiale, mais ne détectent aucune couleur. Les cônes font le contraire. Les cônes modulent également les bâtonnets, ce qui contribue à améliorer la vision à la lumière du jour. Lorsque les cônes sont endommagés, les yeux ont un problème qu’ils ne peuvent résoudre. Ils perdent une vision claire et nette en plein jour et la capacité de l’améliorer en faisant appel aux bâtonnets. RODRESET cherche de nouvelles façons de moduler la sensibilité des bâtonnets. Leur succès pourrait avoir un impact significatif sur le traitement de la dégénérescence maculaire dans le monde.
Objectif
In industrialized countries, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of untreatable blindness. In addition to age-related disease, there are also inherited forms of macular degeneration, such as juvenile-onset Stargardt disease. These conditions, for which there are currently no effective treatments, involve the loss of photoreceptors in the central retina, where a high cone photoreceptor density is responsible for effecting high resolution vision. We recently discovered that cones can modulate the sensitivity of surrounding rod photoreceptors to enable them to be more effective in daylight conditions. In retinal disorders involving degeneration of the macular cones, this lateral interaction is impaired, leading to saturation of the rods’ dynamic range and impaired daylight vision. We have also discovered that direct modulation the neurons underlying this lateral interaction, the horizontal cells, improves quality of vision in mice lacking functional cones. Together, our results identify a specific circuitry underlying rod-mediated vision as a potential therapeutic target following macular degeneration. Here, we aim to exploit these new findings to re-establish the rods’ ability to function in daylight using two distinct approaches. Firstly, we will use direct modification of the rods to permanently shift their light sensitivity into the daylight range. A small area of modified rods that are effective in daylight, likely with a higher temporal resolution, would improve extra-foveal fixation and vision. Secondly, we intend to establish a system that confers light sensitivity onto horizontal cells, to replace light-mediated input from cones. This will restore the natural horizontal cell-derived modulation of light sensitivity to rods, allowing them to function in daylight. Thus, by utilizing our knowledge of specific aspects of retinal circuitry, we aim to develop novel therapies for improving vision in patients with advanced macular degeneration.
Champ scientifique
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Programme(s)
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Régime de financement
ERC-ADG - Advanced GrantInstitution d’accueil
WC2R 2LS London
Royaume-Uni