Project number 888063, Sunni-Shii Relations in the Middle East (SSRIME) investigates the entangled history of Sunni-Shii relations and sectarian politics in the Middle East and the wider Islamic world. SSRIME seeks to explain the root causes of instability in the Middle East and forced migration, and thus fits key policy objectives of the European Union. It is thus not only of academic interest but has clear policy relevance. One of the potential impacts generated by SSRIME will be the drawing of conclusions as to the importance of the mistakes made in the lead up to the 2003 Iraq War, and the war’s impact on sectarian relations in Iraq and the region.
The primary research question is under what circumstances does Sunni-Shii conflict occur, and when are Sunni-Shii relations less politically relevant? Initially, the primary case study was Iraq under the Baath Party (1968-2003). However, given the restraints imposed by the Covid-19 pandemic, lockdowns, and a deteriorating political and security situation in Iraq and parts of the Middle East, the project was expanded to include more comparative and historical case studies. As such SSRIME has taken on a more holistic approach to Sunni-Shii Relations in the Middle East and beyond, answering the primary research question in a more historical and broader framework.
The project therefore not only studies the relationship between the Iraqi state and Iraqi Shia, but also draws upon historical and regional comparative examples to answer the research question. Its lessons are therefore also be applicable to other countries in the region. SSRIME included an outgoing phase at Stanford University, in particular for work with the Baath Party of Iraq archives held at Stanford University, and a return phase at Ca’ Foscari University.
Its primary conclusion is that Sunni-Shii conflict occurs under specific conditions, primarily as a result of political and geopolitical tensions. Doctrinal tensions developed for over a millennium, but political and violent conflict only broke out under specific circumstances, especially when new rising powers espoused a specific sectarian identity. At other times, Sunni-Shii unity, in various forms of pan-Islam, nationalism, or other social and political projects, persisted.
