SECURE PLATFORM FOR ICT SYSTEMS ROOTED AT THE SILICON MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Informazioni relative al progetto

SPIRS

ID dell’accordo di sovvenzione: 952622

DOI

10.3030/952622

Progetto chiuso

Data della firma CE 14 Luglio 2021

Data di avvio 1 Ottobre 2021

Data di completamento 30 Settembre 2024

Finanziato da

• INDUSTRIAL LEADERSHIP - Leadership in enabling and industrial technologies - Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)

Costo totale

€ 5 041 091,25

Contributo UE

€ 5 041 091,25

Coordinato da

AGENCIA ESTATAL CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS
Spain

CORDIS fornisce collegamenti ai risultati finali pubblici e alle pubblicazioni dei progetti ORIZZONTE.

I link ai risultati e alle pubblicazioni dei progetti del 7° PQ, così come i link ad alcuni tipi di risultati specifici come dataset e software, sono recuperati dinamicamente da .OpenAIRE .

Risultati finali

Demonstrators, pilots, prototypes (8)

Final design of RoT

An analysis of the security level (leakage/security assessment tests and/or attacks) and the impact of potential attackers on the performance of RoT components will be analyzed. The countermeasures will be included in this demonstrator to achieve an enhanced version of RoT.

Initial design of RoT components

The initial design of RoT components including PUF, entropy source, and cryptographic algorithms will be detailed. A first demonstrator that integrates all the RoT components will be available.

Prototype v1

The communication from both the WP5 RISCV processor and the WP2 HW RoT to the HLOS through the TEE is a significant step in SPIRS This deliverable demonstrates that communication a subset of the D31 specifications

Prototype v2

Building on D3.2, this deliverable demonstrates the full capabilities of the D3.1 specifications, including secure measured boot and TA functionality.

TNED proof-of-concept

The TNED software architecture, its integration with OAM procedures, and the incorporation of an initial set of security functions will be demonstrated, using the initial implementations of the TEE and RoT. This deliverable will include an impact assessment for the different use cases, performed using the GDPR as the main guideline. This version of the TNED will be used for the initial use case demonstrations.

Final TNED Implementation

Based on the feedback collected from use case demonstrators and the further refinement on the SPIRS components, a mature release of the TNED will be made available, ready for executing the final use case demonstrators, and suitable for further exploitation as one of the project outcomes.

Preliminary FPGA implementation of the SPIRS platform

A preliminary FPGA implementation of the SPIRS platform including the selected RISC-V processor core and the assembling of RoT components. The first results of FPGA implementations will be reported in terms of area computations, timing, and power consumption.

Final FPGA implementation of SPIRS platform

A demonstrator of the SPIRS platform with the final components on an FPGA-based platform.

Documents, reports (4)

Report on the governance scheme and validation of SPIRS platform in the Industry 4.0 and 5G Network use cases

The report will describe in detail the SPIRS platform, its integration within the Industry 4.0 and 5G Network scenarios and the results of the validation activities. A specific section of the deliverable will focus on the validation of the privacy respectful protocols enabling the SPIRS governance scheme.

Final VLSI integration of a lightweight RoT

This report will describe the performance of the first VLSI integration after testing measurements at lab. The design of a second VLSI integration will be reported to obtain a final VLSI integration for SPIRS.

Report on the use cases and validation plan

The report will describe in detail the two use cases their possible vulnerabilities the security requirements and consolidates the specification of the custom SPIRS systems This first section of the report will be instrumental to provide useful feedback to WP3 and WP4 The second section of the report will describe in detail the validation plan

First VLSI integration of a lightweight RoT

The selection of the technology for VLSI integration will be described The selected hardware building blocks of RoT and simulation and available experimental results will be detailed

Other (2)

Industrial Advisory Board meeting on the results of the project

Industrial Advisory Board meeting on the results of the project.

SPIRS final workshop

An international workshop will be organized to gather members of the scientific community and researchers from private companies.

Websites, patent fillings, videos etc. (1)

Website activation

SPIRS website will be the main promotional tool for communicating projects activities and results The website will also include a Restricted Area for the partners for easycommunicationdiscussion and exchange of information between the consortium members It will be

Pubblicazioni

Conference proceedings (27)

Protegiendo la identidad de las denuncias en un sistema abierto y auditable

Autori: S. Chica, A. Marín, D. Arroyo, J. Díaz
Pubblicato in: Proceedings Actas de la XVII Reunión Española sobre Criptología y Seguridad de la Información (RECSI 2022), Numero 19-21 October, 2022, 2022, Pagina/e 68, ISBN 978-84-19024-14-5
Editore: Editorial de la Universidad de Cantabria

SoK: A Systematic Review of TEE Usage for Developing Trusted Applications

Autori: Arttu Paju; Muhammad Owais Javed; Juha Nurmi; Juha Savimäki; Brian McGillion; Billy Bob Brumley
Pubblicato in: The 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES 2023), Numero 34, 2023, Pagina/e 1-15, ISBN 9798400707728
Editore: Association for Computing Machinary, Inc.
DOI: 10.1145/3600160.3600169

About the Fujisaki-Okamoto Transformation in the Code-Based Algorithms of the NIST Post-quantum Call

Autori: Miguel Ángel González de la Torre, Luis Hernández Encinas 
Pubblicato in: Proc. Conference 15th International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Security for Information Systems (CISIS 2022), Numero Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems book series (LNNS,volume 532, 2022, Pagina/e 75-85, ISBN 978-3-031-18409-3
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-18409-3_8

Secure Platform for ICT Systems Rooted at the Silicon Manufacturing Process (SPIRS)

Autori: P. Brox, M. C. Martínez-Rodríguez, D. Arroyo
Pubblicato in: Proceedings JNIC 2022 (VII Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad 2022), Numero 27-29 June, 2022, 2022, Pagina/e 363-366, ISBN 978-84-88734-13-6
Editore: Fundación Tecnalia Research and Innovation

True Random Number Generator based on RO-PUF

Autori: Luis F. Rojas Muñoz, Santiago Sánchez Solano, Macarena C. Martínez-Rodríguez, Piedad Brox
Pubblicato in: 37th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Circuits (DCIS) 2022, Numero 16-18 November 2022, 2022, ISBN 978-1-6654-5950-1
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/dcis55711.2022.9970032

A Simple Power Analysis of an FPGA implementation of a polynomial multiplier for the NTRU cryptosystem

Autori: E. Camacho-Ruiz, S. Sánchez-Solano, M. C. Martínez-Rodríguez, E. Tena-Sánchez, P. Brox
Pubblicato in: 2023 38th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS), 2023, ISSN 2640-5563
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/dcis58620.2023.10336001

Design Flow to Evaluate the Performance of Ring Oscillator PUFs on FPGAs

Autori: Macarena C. Martínez-Rodríguez; Eros Camacho-Ruiz; Santiago Sánchez-Solano; Piedad Brox
Pubblicato in: 2021 XXXVI Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS), Numero 24-26 Nov. 2021, 2021, ISBN 978-1-6654-2116-4
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/dcis53048.2021.9666190

A complete SHA-3 hardware library based on a high efficiency Keccak design

Autori: E. Camacho, S. Sánchez-Solano, M. C. Martínez, P. Brox
Pubblicato in: 2023 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS), 2023, Pagina/e 1-7, ISBN 979-8-3503-3757-0
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/norcas58970.2023.10305448

Análisis comparativo de las firmas digitales postcuánticas basadas en retículos

Autori: E. Iglesias-Hernández, L. Hernández-Álvarez, L. Hernández-Encinas, J. I. Sanchez-García
Pubblicato in: Reina Quintero, A.M., Ceballos Guerrero, R. y Varela Vaca, Á.J. (Eds.) (2024). IX Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad. Sevilla, 2024, ISBN 978-84-09-62140-8
Editore: Universidad de Sevilla

Analyzing the Effectiveness of Native Token Airdrop Campaigns in NFT Marketplaces

Autori: Paul Kuhle, David Arroyo, Pablo de Andrés
Pubblicato in: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Numero LNNS,volume 778, 2023, ISBN 978-3-031-45154-6
Editore: Springer, Cham
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45155-3_37

Design of a Karatsuba Multiplier to Accelerate Digital Signature Schemes on Embedded Systems

Autori: Pablo Navarro-Torrero, Eros Camacho-Ruiz, Macarena C. Martínez-Rodríguez, Piedad Brox
Pubblicato in: IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS) 2024, 2024
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/norcas64408.2024.10752484

Diseño y evaluación de las prestaciones de funciones físicas no clonables basadas en osciladores en anillo sobre FPGAs

Autori: M. C. Martínez-Rodríguez, E. Camacho-Ruiz, P. Brox, S. Sánchez-Solano
Pubblicato in: Proceedings JNIC 2022 (VII Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad 2022), Numero 27-29 June, 2022, 2022, Pagina/e 298-299, ISBN 978-84-88734-13-6
Editore: Fundación Tecnalia Research and Innovation

HW/SW implementation of RSA digital signature on a RISC-V-based System-on-Chip

Autori: A. Karmakar, S. Sánchez-Solano, M. C. Martínez-Rodríguez, P. Brox
Pubblicato in: 2023 38th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS), 2023, ISBN 979-8-3503-0385-8
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/dcis58620.2023.10335970

Exploiting the DICE specification to ensure strong identity and integrity of IoT devices

Autori: Enrico Bravi, Silvia Sisinni, Antonio Lioy
Pubblicato in: 2023 8th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech), 2023, Pagina/e 1-6
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.23919/splitech58164.2023.10193517

A Security Comparison between AES-128 and AES-256 FPGA implementations against DPA attacks

Autori: V. Zúñiga, E. Tena, A. J. Acosta
Pubblicato in: 2023 38th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS), 2023, ISBN 979-8-3503-0385-8
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/dcis58620.2023.10336003

Study and applications of the new NIST lightweight encryption with authentication standard in hardware implementations

Autori: C. Fernádez-García, C.J. Jiménez-Fernández
Pubblicato in: Reina Quintero, A.M., Ceballos Guerrero, R. y Varela Vaca, Á.J. (Eds.) (2024). IX Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad. Sevilla, 2024, ISBN 978-84-09-62140-8
Editore: Universidad de Sevilla

Review of Breaking Trivium Stream Cipher Implemented in ASIC Using Experimental Attacks and DFA

Autori: F. E. Potestad-Ordoñez, E. Tena-Sánchez, C. Fernández-García, V. Zúñiga-González, J. M. Mora Gutiérrez, C. Baena-Oliva, P. Parra-Fernández, A. J. Acosta-Jiménez, C. J. Jiménez-Fernández
Pubblicato in: Proceedings JNIC 2022 (VII Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad 2022), Numero 27-29 June, 2022, 2022, Pagina/e 271-272, ISBN 978-84-88734-13-6
Editore: Fundación Tecnalia Research and Innovation

Hardware dedicado para la optimización temporal del algoritmo NTRU

Autori: E. Camacho-Ruiz, M. C. Martínez-Rodríguez, S. Sánchez-Solano, P. Brox
Pubblicato in: Proccedings JNIC 2022 (VII Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad 2022), Numero 27-29 June, 2022, 2022, Pagina/e 296-297, ISBN 978-84-88734-13-6
Editore: Fundación Tecnalia Research and Innovation

About the FrodoKEM lattice-based algorithm

Autori: M. A. González de la Torre, L. Hernández Encinas, A. Queiruga Dios
Pubblicato in: Proceedings JNIC 2022 (VII Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad 2022), Numero 27-29 June, 2022, 2022, Pagina/e 253-256, ISBN 978-84-88734-13-6
Editore: Fundación Tecnalia Research and Innovation

Review of Gate-Level Hardware Countermeasure Comparison Against Power Analysis Attacks

Autori: E. Tena-Sánchez, F. E. Potestad-Ordoñez, V. Zúñiga-González, C. Fernández-García, J. M. Mora Gutiérrez, C. J. Jiménez-Fernández, A. J. Acosta-Jiménez
Pubblicato in: Proceedings JNIC 2022 (VII Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad 2022), Numero 27-29 June, 2022, 2022, Pagina/e 290-291, ISBN 978-84-88734-13-6
Editore: Fundación Tecnalia Research and Innovation

VLSI integration of a RO-based PUF into a 65 nm technology

Autori: Pau Ortega-Castro, Felipe Rojas-Muñoz, Jose M. Mora-Gutiérrez, Piedad Brox, Macarena C. Martínez-Rodríguez
Pubblicato in: IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS) 2024, 2024, ISBN 979-8-3315-1766-3
Editore: IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/norcas64408.2024.10752474

Malware Finances and Operations: a Data-Driven Study of the Value Chain for Infections and Compromised Access

Autori: Juha Nurmi; Mikko Niemelä; Billy Bob Brumley
Pubblicato in: ARES '23: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Numero 108, 2023, Pagina/e 1-12, ISBN 9798400707728
Editore: Association for Computing Machinery
DOI: 10.1145/3600160.3605047

Experimental cartography generation methodology for Electromagnetic Fault Injection Attacks [póster]

Autori: Rincón Beneyto, Juan Carlos; Casado Galán, Alejandro; Potestad Ordóñez, Francisco Eugenio; Acosta Jiménez, Antonio José; Tena Sánchez, Erica; Potestad Ordóñez, Francisco Eugenio (Coordinador)
Pubblicato in: instname:Universidad de Sevilla (US), Numero 1, 2023
Editore: IEEE

Comparative analysis of lattice-based post-quantum cryptosystems

Autori: M. A. González de la Torre, J. I. Sánchez garcía, L. Hernández Encinas
Pubblicato in: Proceedings Actas de la XVII Reunión Española sobre Criptología y Seguridad de la Información (RECSI 2022), Numero 19-21 October, 2022, 2022, Pagina/e 121, ISBN 978-84-19024-14-5
Editore: Editorial de la Universidad de Cantabria
DOI: 10.22429/euc2022.028

Ataques por canal lateral contra AES mediante correlación de consumo de potencia

Autori: M. A. González de la Torre, V. Sarasa, L. Hernández-Álvarez, I. Morales, L. Hernández Encinas
Pubblicato in: Reina Quintero, A.M., Ceballos Guerrero, R. y Varela Vaca, Á.J. (Eds.) (2024). IX Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad, 2024, ISBN 978-84-09-62140-8
Editore: Universidad de Sevilla

Enhancing the anonymity and auditability of whistleblowers protection

Autori: S. Chica, A. Marín, D. Arroyo, J. Díaz, F. Almenares, and D. Díaz
Pubblicato in: Workshop on Beyond the promises of web3.0: foundations and challenges of trust decentralization (WEB3-TRUST), Numero 13-15 Juy, 2022, 2022
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.20350/digitalcsic/14702

Review of: Protecting FPGA-Based Cryptohardware Implementations from Fault Attacks Using ADCs

Autori: E. Potestad, A. Casado, E. Tena, A. J. Acosta-Jiménez
Pubblicato in: Reina Quintero, A.M., Ceballos Guerrero, R. y Varela Vaca, Á.J. (Eds.) (2024). IX Jornadas Nacionales de Investigación en Ciberseguridad, 2024, ISBN 978-84-09-62140-8
Editore: Universidad de Sevilla

Book chapters (1)

Cryptographic Security Through a Hardware Root of Trust

Autori: Luis F. Rojas-Muñoz, Santiago Sánchez-Solano, Macarena C. Martínez-Rodríguez, Eros Camacho-Ruiz, Pablo Navarro-Torrero, Apurba Karmakar, Carlos Fernández-García, Erica Tena-Sánchez, Francisco E. Potestad-Ordóñez, Alejandro Casado-Galán, Pau Ortega-Castro, Antonio J. Acosta-Jiménez, Carlos J. Jiménez-Fernández, Piedad Brox
Pubblicato in: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Applied Reconfigurable Computing. Architectures, Tools, and Applications, 2024, Pagina/e 106-119
Editore: Springer Nature Switzerland
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55673-9_8

Peer reviewed articles (16)

On-Line Evaluation and Monitoring of Security Features of an RO-Based PUF/TRNG for IoT Devices

Autori: L.F. Rojas-Muñoz, S. Sánchez-Solano, M.C. Martínez-Rodríguez and P. Brox
Pubblicato in: Sensors, Numero vol. 23, no. 8, article 4070, 2023, ISSN 1424-8220
Editore: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/s23084070

Design and Evaluation of Countermeasures Against Fault Injection Attacks and Power Side-Channel Leakage Exploration for AES Block Cipher

Autori: F. E. Potestad-Ordóñez, E. Tena-Sánchez, A. J. Acosta-Jiménez, C. J. Jiménez-Fernández, R. Chaves
Pubblicato in: IEEE Access, Numero Volume 10, 2022, Pagina/e 65548 - 65561, ISSN 2169-3536
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
DOI: 10.1109/access.2022.3183764

Multi-Unit Serial Polynomial Multiplier to Accelerate NTRU-Based Cryptographic Schemes in IoT Embedded Systems

Autori: Santiago Sánchez-Solano, Eros Camacho-Ruiz, Macarena C. Martínez-Rodríguez and Piedad Brox
Pubblicato in: Sensors, Numero 22 (5), 2057, 2022, ISSN 1424-8220
Editore: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/s22052057

Gate-Level Design Methodology for Side-Channel Resistant Logic Styles Using TFETs

Autori: Ignacio M. Delgado-Lozano; Erica Tena-Sánchez; Juan Núñez; Antonio J. Acosta
Pubblicato in: IEEE Embedded Systems Letters, Numero Volume 14, issue 2, 2022, Pagina/e 99-102, ISSN 1943-0663
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
DOI: 10.1109/les.2021.3122395

Timing-Attack-Resistant Acceleration of NTRU Round 3 Encryption on Resource-Constrained Embedded Systems

Autori: E. Camacho-Ruiz, M.C. Martínez-Rodríguez, S. Sánchez-Solano and P. Brox
Pubblicato in: Cryptography, Numero vol. 7, no.2, article 29, 2023, ISSN 2410-387X
Editore: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
DOI: 10.3390/cryptography7020029

Hardware-Efficient Configurable Ring-Oscillator-Based Physical Unclonable Function/True Random Number Generator Module for Secure Key Management

Autori: Santiago Sánchez-Solano, Luis F. Rojas-Muñoz, Macarena C. Martínez-Rodríguez, Piedad Brox
Pubblicato in: Sensors, Numero 24, 2024, Pagina/e 5674, ISSN 1424-8220
Editore: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/s24175674

Gate-Level Hardware Countermeasure Comparison against Power Analysis Attacks

Autori: Erica Tena-Sánchez, Francisco Eugenio Potestad-Ordóñez, Carlos J. Jiménez-Fernández, Antonio J. Acosta, Ricardo Chaves
Pubblicato in: Applied Sciences, Numero 12 (5), 2390, 2022, ISSN 2076-3417
Editore: MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/app12052390

Experimental FIA Methodology Using Clock and Control Signal Modifications under Power Supply and Temperature Variations

Autori: Francisco Eugenio Potestad-Ordóñez; Erica Tena-Sanchez; J. M. Mora-Gutiérrez; Manuel Valencia-Barrero; C. J. Jimenez-Fernandez
Pubblicato in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), Numero 21(22), 7596, 2021, ISSN 1424-8220
Editore: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/s21227596

Analysis of the FO Transformation in the Lattice-Based Post-Quantum Algorithms

Autori: M.A. González de la Torre, L. Hernández Encinas, and A. Queiruga-Dios
Pubblicato in: Mathematics, Numero 10 (16), 2967, 2022, ISSN 2227-7390
Editore: MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/math10162967

Efficient RO-PUF for Generation of Identifiers and Keys in Resource-Constrained Embedded Systems

Autori: Macarena C. Martínez-Rodríguez, Luis F. Rojas-Muñoz, Eros Camacho-Ruiz, Santiago Sánchez-Solano and Piedad Brox
Pubblicato in: Cryptography, Numero 6(4), 2022, Pagina/e 51, ISSN 2410-387X
Editore: MPDI
DOI: 10.3390/cryptography6040051

Hardware Countermeasures Benchmarking against Fault Attacks

Autori: Francisco Eugenio Potestad-Ordóñez, Erica Tena-Sánchez, Antonio José Acosta-Jiménez, Carlos Jesús Jiménez-Fernández and Ricardo Chaves
Pubblicato in: Applied Sciences, Numero 12 (5), 2443, 2022, ISSN 2076-3417
Editore: MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/app12052443

TinyJAMBU Hardware Implementation for Low Power

Autori: Carlos Fernández-García, J. M. Mora-Gutiérrez, Carlos J. Jiménez-Fernández
Pubblicato in: IEEE Access, Numero 12, 2024, Pagina/e 108342-108349, ISSN 2169-3536
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
DOI: 10.1109/access.2024.3438378

True Random Number Generation Capability of a Ring Oscillator PUF for Reconfigurable Devices

Autori: L. Felipe Rojas-Muñoz, Santiago Sánchez-Solano, Macarena. C. Martínez-Rodríguez, Piedad Brox
Pubblicato in: Electronics, Numero 11(23), 4028, 2022, Pagina/e 1-24, ISSN 2079-9292
Editore: MPDI
DOI: 10.3390/electronics11234028

Investigating child sexual abuse material availability, searches, and users on the anonymous Tor network for a public health intervention strategy

Autori: Juha Nurmi, Arttu Paju, Billy Bob Brumley, Tegan Insoll, Anna K. Ovaska, Valeriia Soloveva, Nina Vaaranen-Valkonen, Mikko Aaltonen, David Arroyo
Pubblicato in: Scientific Reports, Numero 14, 2024, ISSN 2045-2322
Editore: Nature Publishing Group
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58346-7

Protecting FPGA-Based Cryptohardware Implementations from Fault Attacks Using ADCs

Autori: Francisco Eugenio Potestad-Ordóñez, Alejandro Casado-Galán, Erica Tena-Sánchez
Pubblicato in: Sensors, Numero 24, 2024, Pagina/e 1598, ISSN 1424-8220
Editore: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/s24051598

Trivium Stream Cipher Countermeasures Against Fault Injection Attacks and DFA

Autori: F. E. Potestad-Ordonez, E. Tena-Sanchez, J. M. Mora-Gutierrez, M. Valencia-Barrero, C. J. Jimenez-Fernandez
Pubblicato in: IEEE Access, Numero 9, 2022, Pagina/e 168444-168454, ISSN 2169-3536
Editore: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3136609