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Sodium-Zinc molten salt batteries for low-cost stationary storage

Deliverables

Report or publication on 1D model

Results on the development of the 1D numerical cell voltage model will be reported. If possible, results will be published as a journal article.

Publication on conductivity measurements

Results on conductivity measurements will be presented. The knowledge of the ionic conductivity of the salt electrolyte is highly important, because it is needed for modelling and determines the ohmic cell losses.

Report or publication on Na- and Zn-solubility measurements

Results on Na- and Zn-solubility measurements will be presented. Special focus will lay on the solubility of Na in the molten salt.

Report or publication on all-liquid cell electrolyte phase diagram

Results on the all-liquid cell electrolyte will be presented. This will include e.g. a phase-diagramme.

Memo on diaphragm development

Results on diaphragm development will be reported. It will include, e.g., the material and optimal shape of the diaphragm.

Final Report on societal impact assessment

The final results of the societal impact assessment will be presented.

Memo on current collector development

The results of the current collector development will be presented. It will include, e.g., the wetting by Zn.

Preliminary LCA and eco-design recommendation

A preliminary LCA will be presented. Eco-design recommendation will be given for cell development.

Report on investment and operating cost

Results on investment and operating cost of the batteries will be presented.

Report about optimised cell design and production system for all-liquid cells

Results on an optimised cell design for all-liquid cells will be reported. This will include a production-optimised design.

First Report on societal impact assessment

The results of a preliminary societal impact assessment will be presented.

Project Website

A project website of SOLSTICE will be developed It will serve as an information resource for all target groups

Publications

Membrane‐Free Alkali Metal‐Iodide Battery with a Molten Salt

Author(s): Juhan Lee; Gleidys Monrrabal-Marquez; Martins Sarma; Tobias Lappan; Yvonne Jasmin Hofstetter; Pavel Trtik; Steffen Landgraf; Wenjin Ding; Sumit Kumar; Yana Vaynzof; Norbert Weber; Tom Weier
Published in: Energy Technology, Issue 2300051, 2023, Page(s) 1-12, ISSN 2194-4296
Publisher: Wiley
DOI: 10.1002/ente.202300051

Reusable Cell Design for High-Temperature (600 °C) Liquid Metal Battery Cycling

Author(s): Martins Sarma, Juhan Lee, William Nash, Tobias Lappan, Natalia Shevchenko, Steffen Landgraf, Gleidys Monrrabal, Pavel Trtik, Norbert Weber and Tom Weier
Published in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Issue 171/4, 2024, Page(s) 040531, ISSN 1945-7111
Publisher: IOP Publishing
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad3b78

Anode-metal drop formation and detachment mechanisms in liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Sabrina Bénard, Norbert Weber, Gerrit Maik Horstmann, Steffen Landgraf, Tom Weier
Published in: Journal of Power Sources, Issue 510, 2021, Page(s) 230339, ISSN 0378-7753
Publisher: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230339

On the Usage of Battery Equivalent Series Resistance for Shuntless Coulomb Counting and SOC Estimation

Author(s): Alessio De Angelis, Paolo Carbone, Francesco Santoni, Michele Vitelli, Luca Ruscitti
Published in: MDPI Batteries, Issue 9(6), 2023, Page(s) 286, ISSN 2313-0105
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9060286

Microstructural Analysis of Effective Electrode Conductivity in Molten Salt, Na-ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Batteries

Author(s): O. E. Godinez-Brizuela; Daniel Niblett; Kristian E. Einarsrud
Published in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Issue 00134651, 2022, ISSN 0013-4651
Publisher: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac8edd

Simulation of potential and species distribution in a Li||Bi liquid metal battery using coupled meshes

Author(s): Duczek, Carolina; Weber, Norbert; Godinez-Brizuela, Omar E.; Weier, Tom
Published in: Electrochimica Acta 437(2023), 141413, Issue 1, 2023, ISSN 0013-4686
Publisher: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141413

Glass-based sealants for joining α to β’’-Al2O3 in Na–Zn batteries

Author(s): Fabiana D'Isanto, Andrea Baggio, Milena Salvo, Diego Basso, Daniele Gaia, Federico Smeacetto
Published in: Ceramics International, Issue 50/9, Part A, 2024, Page(s) 14542-14549, ISSN 0272-8842
Publisher: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.01.367

Influence of precursor morphology and cathode processing on performance and cycle life of sodium-zinc chloride (Na-ZnCl2) battery cells

Author(s): Louis Sieuw, Tu Lan, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Fabrizio Vagliani, Sumit Kumar, Wenjin Ding, Alberto Turconi, Diego Basso, Andrea Pozzi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Published in: Energy Storage Materials, Issue Vol. 64, 2024, Page(s) 103077, ISSN 2405-8289
Publisher: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103077

Layer coupling between solutal and thermal convection in liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Paolo Personnettaz, Tanja Sophia Klopper, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier
Published in: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Issue 188, 2022, Page(s) 122555, ISSN 0017-9310
Publisher: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122555

AlCl3-NaCl-ZnCl2 Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl2) Battery

Author(s): Sumit Kumar, Wenjin Ding, Ralf Hoffmann, Louis Sieuw, Meike V. F. Heinz, Norbert Weber, Alexander Bonk
Published in: MDPI Batteries, Issue 9/8, 2023, Page(s) 401, ISSN 2313-0105
Publisher: MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9080401

Cell voltage model for Li-Bi liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Norbert Weber, Carolina Duczek, Gerrit M. Horstmann, Steffen Landgraf, Michael Nimtz, Paolo Personnettaz, Tom Weier, Donald R. Sadoway
Published in: Applied Energy, Issue 309, 2022, Page(s) 118331, ISSN 0306-2619
Publisher: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118331

Planar sodium-nickel chloride batteries with high areal capacity for sustainable energy storage

Author(s): Tu Lan, Gustav Graeber, Louis Sieuw, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Fabrizio Vagliani, Diego Basso, Alberto Turconi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Published in: Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, ISSN 1616-301X
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202302040

A continuous multiphase model for liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Omar E. Godinez-Brizuela, Carolina Duczek, Norbert Weber, William Nash, Martins Sarma, Kristian E. Einarsrud
Published in: Journal of Energy Storage, Issue 73, 2023, Page(s) 109147, ISSN 2352-1538
Publisher: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109147

The Joining of Alumina to Hastelloy by a TiZrCuNi Filler Metal: Wettability and Interfacial Reactivity

Author(s): Andrea Baggio; Fabiana D’Isanto; Fabrizio Valenza; Sofia Gambaro; Valentina Casalegno; Milena Salvo; Federico Smeacetto
Published in: MDPI Materials, Issue 16 / 5, 2023, Page(s) 1976, ISSN 1996-1944
Publisher: MDPI Open Access Publishing
DOI: 10.3390/ma16051976

Cell design strategies for sodium-zinc chloride (Na-ZnCl2) batteries, and first demonstration of tubular cells with 38 Ah capacity

Author(s): Meike V. F. Heinz, Louis Sieuw, Tu Lan, Alberto Turconi, Diego Basso, Fabrizio Vagliani, Andrea Pozzi, and Corsin Battaglia
Published in: Electrochimica Acta, Issue 464, 2023, Page(s) 142881, ISSN 1873-3859
Publisher: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142881

Development of molten chloride salt electrolytes in Na-ZnCl2 batteries for large-scale energy storage

Author(s): Sumit Kumar
Published in: 2021, Page(s) 87
Publisher: University of Stuttgart / German Aerospace Center

Investigating the investment and operational costs of the Na-Zn molten salt battery and evaluating how cost competitive it will be against other technologies in the future

Author(s): Ross Berridge
Published in: 2021
Publisher: Imperial College London

Development of Molten Salt Electrolytes in Na-ZnCl2 All Liquid Battery for Electrical Grid Storage

Author(s): Farouk, Mohamed
Published in: 2022
Publisher: TU Berlin (Master thesis)

Simulations of mass transport in liquid metal electrodes

Author(s): Paolo Personnettaz
Published in: 2022, Page(s) 221
Publisher: TU Dresden

Sodium-Zinc solid electrolyte batteries - the enabler of low-cost energy storage?

Author(s): Chanwith Buntoengpesuchsakul
Published in: 2022, Page(s) 104
Publisher: Imperial College London

Liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Norbert Weber; Tom Weier
Published in: Electrochemical Cell Calculations with OpenFOAM, 2022, Page(s) 193-212, ISBN 978-3-030-92177-4
Publisher: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92178-1_7

Molten Salt Electrolyte in Na-ZnCl2 Solid Electrolyte Battery for Electricity Storage

Author(s): Ding, Wenjin; Kumar, Sumit; Bonk, Alexander; Heinz, Meike; Weber, Norbert; Bauer, Thomas
Published in: International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, 2022
Publisher: EUROSOLAR

Pore-Scale Micro-Structural Analysis of Electrode Conductance in Metal Displacement Batteries

Author(s): Omar Emmanuel Godinez Brizuela, Daniel Niblett, Kristian E. Einarsrud
Published in: 241st ECS Meeting, Issue 29 May - 2 June 2022, 2022
Publisher: The Electrochemical Society

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