Sodium-Zinc molten salt batteries for low-cost stationary storage

Project Information

SOLSTICE

Grant agreement ID: 963599

DOI

10.3030/963599

Project closed

EC signature date 28 October 2020

Start date 1 January 2021

End date 30 June 2025

Funded under

• SOCIETAL CHALLENGES - Secure, clean and efficient energy

Total cost

€ 7 720 798,75

EU contribution

€ 7 720 798,75

Coordinated by

HELMHOLTZ-ZENTRUM DRESDEN-ROSSENDORF EV
Germany

CORDIS provides links to public deliverables and publications of HORIZON projects.

Links to deliverables and publications from FP7 projects, as well as links to some specific result types such as dataset and software, are dynamically retrieved from OpenAIRE .

Deliverables

Documents, reports (11)

Publication on conductivity measurements

Results on conductivity measurements will be presented. The knowledge of the ionic conductivity of the salt electrolyte is highly important, because it is needed for modelling and determines the ohmic cell losses.

Memo on current collector development

The results of the current collector development will be presented. It will include, e.g., the wetting by Zn.

Report about optimised cell design and production system for all-liquid cells

Results on an optimised cell design for all-liquid cells will be reported. This will include a production-optimised design.

Preliminary LCA and eco-design recommendation

A preliminary LCA will be presented. Eco-design recommendation will be given for cell development.

Report or publication on all-liquid cell electrolyte phase diagram

Results on the all-liquid cell electrolyte will be presented. This will include e.g. a phase-diagramme.

Report or publication on Na- and Zn-solubility measurements

Results on Na- and Zn-solubility measurements will be presented. Special focus will lay on the solubility of Na in the molten salt.

First Report on societal impact assessment

The results of a preliminary societal impact assessment will be presented.

Report or publication on 1D model

Results on the development of the 1D numerical cell voltage model will be reported. If possible, results will be published as a journal article.

Memo on diaphragm development

Results on diaphragm development will be reported. It will include, e.g., the material and optimal shape of the diaphragm.

Final Report on societal impact assessment

The final results of the societal impact assessment will be presented.

Report on investment and operating cost

Results on investment and operating cost of the batteries will be presented.

Websites, patent fillings, videos etc. (1)

Project Website

A project website of SOLSTICE will be developed. It will serve as an information resource for all target groups.

Publications

Peer reviewed articles (25)

Membrane‐Free Alkali Metal‐Iodide Battery with a Molten Salt

Author(s): Juhan Lee; Gleidys Monrrabal-Marquez; Martins Sarma; Tobias Lappan; Yvonne Jasmin Hofstetter; Pavel Trtik; Steffen Landgraf; Wenjin Ding; Sumit Kumar; Yana Vaynzof; Norbert Weber; Tom Weier
Published in: Energy Technology, Issue 2300051, 2023, Page(s) 1-12, ISSN 2194-4296
Publisher: Wiley
DOI: 10.1002/ente.202300051

Reusable Cell Design for High-Temperature (600 °C) Liquid Metal Battery Cycling

Author(s): Martins Sarma, Juhan Lee, William Nash, Tobias Lappan, Natalia Shevchenko, Steffen Landgraf, Gleidys Monrrabal, Pavel Trtik, Norbert Weber and Tom Weier
Published in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Issue 171/4, 2024, Page(s) 040531, ISSN 1945-7111
Publisher: IOP Publishing
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad3b78

Anode-metal drop formation and detachment mechanisms in liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Sabrina Bénard, Norbert Weber, Gerrit Maik Horstmann, Steffen Landgraf, Tom Weier
Published in: Journal of Power Sources, Issue 510, 2021, Page(s) 230339, ISSN 0378-7753
Publisher: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230339

Yamdb: easily accessible thermophysical properties of liquid metals and molten salts

Author(s): Tom Weier, William Nash, Paolo Personnettaz, Norbert Weber
Published in: Journal of Open Research Software, 2025, ISSN 2049-9647
Publisher: Ubiquity Press

Enhancing Specific Energy and Cycling Stability of High-Temperature Na-ZnCl2 Batteries with Foam-Based Electrodes

Author(s): Sajad Rahimi, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Rohat Celik, Fabrizio Vagliani, Diego Basso, Alberto Turconi, Andrea Pozzi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Published in: Advanced Energy Materials, Issue 2501893, 2025, ISSN 1614-6832
Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202501893

On the Usage of Battery Equivalent Series Resistance for Shuntless Coulomb Counting and SOC Estimation

Author(s): Alessio De Angelis, Paolo Carbone, Francesco Santoni, Michele Vitelli, Luca Ruscitti
Published in: MDPI Batteries, Issue 9(6), 2023, Page(s) 286, ISSN 2313-0105
Publisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9060286

Microstructural Analysis of Effective Electrode Conductivity in Molten Salt, Na-ZnCl₂ Batteries

Author(s): O. E. Godinez-Brizuela; Daniel Niblett; Kristian E. Einarsrud
Published in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Issue 00134651, 2022, ISSN 0013-4651
Publisher: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac8edd

Fluid mechanics of Na-Zn liquid metal batteries

Author(s): C. Duczek, G. M. Horstmann, W. Ding, K. E. Einarsrud, A. Y. Gelfgat, O. E. Godinez-Brizuela, O. S. Kjos, S. Landgraf, T. Lappan, G. Monrrabal, W. Nash, P. Personnettaz, M. Sarma, C. Sommerseth, P. Trtik, N. Weber, T. Weier
Published in: Applied Physics Reviews, Issue 11, 2024, ISSN 1931-9401
Publisher: AIP Publishing LLC
DOI: 10.1063/5.0225593

Erratum: Electrical Conductivity of Binary, Ternary, Quaternary and Quinary Molten Salt Mixtures Based on NaCl–CaCl₂ [J. Electrochem. Soc., 171, 106503 (2024)]

Author(s): Camilla Sommerseth, Kent-Robert Molvik, Helene Hillestad, Marthe Nybrodahl, Wojciech Gebarowski, Ole S. Kjos
Published in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Issue 171, 2024, Page(s) 119001, ISSN 0013-4651
Publisher: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad8fda

Simulation of potential and species distribution in a Li||Bi liquid metal battery using coupled meshes

Author(s): Duczek, Carolina; Weber, Norbert; Godinez-Brizuela, Omar E.; Weier, Tom
Published in: Electrochimica Acta 437(2023), 141413, Issue 1, 2023, ISSN 0013-4686
Publisher: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141413

Glass-based sealants for joining α to β’’-Al2O3 in Na–Zn batteries

Author(s): Fabiana D'Isanto, Andrea Baggio, Milena Salvo, Diego Basso, Daniele Gaia, Federico Smeacetto
Published in: Ceramics International, Issue 50/9, Part A, 2024, Page(s) 14542-14549, ISSN 0272-8842
Publisher: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.01.367

Scaling of Planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery Cells to 90 cm2 Active Area

Author(s): Tu Lan; Enea Svaluto-Ferro; Natalia Kovalska; Gustav Graeber; Fabrizio Vagliani; Diego Basso; Alberto Turconi; Malgorzata Makowska; Gurdial Blugan; Corsin Battaglia; Meike V. F. Heinz
Published in: Batteries & Supercaps, Issue e202400447, 2024, ISSN 2566-6223
Publisher: Wiley-VCH
DOI: 10.1002/batt.202400447

Influence of precursor morphology and cathode processing on performance and cycle life of sodium-zinc chloride (Na-ZnCl2) battery cells

Author(s): Louis Sieuw, Tu Lan, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Fabrizio Vagliani, Sumit Kumar, Wenjin Ding, Alberto Turconi, Diego Basso, Andrea Pozzi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Published in: Energy Storage Materials, Issue Vol. 64, 2024, Page(s) 103077, ISSN 2405-8289
Publisher: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103077

Layer coupling between solutal and thermal convection in liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Paolo Personnettaz, Tanja Sophia Klopper, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier
Published in: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Issue 188, 2022, Page(s) 122555, ISSN 0017-9310
Publisher: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122555

AlCl3-NaCl-ZnCl2 Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl2) Battery

Author(s): Sumit Kumar, Wenjin Ding, Ralf Hoffmann, Louis Sieuw, Meike V. F. Heinz, Norbert Weber, Alexander Bonk
Published in: MDPI Batteries, Issue 9/8, 2023, Page(s) 401, ISSN 2313-0105
Publisher: MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9080401

Optimizing rheological behavior of glass-based sealant inks for robocasting deposition: A design of experiment approach

Author(s): A. Baggio, D. Dalmazzo, F. D’Isanto, E. Santagata, D. Basso, D. Gaia, M. Salvo, F. Smeacetto
Published in: Materials & Design, Issue 251, 2025, Page(s) 113678, ISSN 0264-1275
Publisher: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113678

Electrical Conductivity of Binary, Ternary, Quaternary and Quinary Molten Salt Mixtures Based on NaCl-CaCl₂

Author(s): Camilla Sommerseth, Kent-Robert Molvik, Helene Hillestad, Marthe Nybrodahl, Wojciech Gebarowski, Ole S. Kjos
Published in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Issue 171, 2024, Page(s) 106503, ISSN 0013-4651
Publisher: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad83f7

Cell voltage model for Li-Bi liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Norbert Weber, Carolina Duczek, Gerrit M. Horstmann, Steffen Landgraf, Michael Nimtz, Paolo Personnettaz, Tom Weier, Donald R. Sadoway
Published in: Applied Energy, Issue 309, 2022, Page(s) 118331, ISSN 0306-2619
Publisher: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118331

Planar sodium-nickel chloride batteries with high areal capacity for sustainable energy storage

Author(s): Tu Lan, Gustav Graeber, Louis Sieuw, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Fabrizio Vagliani, Diego Basso, Alberto Turconi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Published in: Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, ISSN 1616-301X
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202302040

Diaphragm performance of high-temperature Na–Zn cells evaluated by neutron imaging

Author(s): William Nash, Martins Sarma, Tobias Lappan, Pavel Trtik, Cathrine K.W. Solem, Zhaohui Wang, Carolina Duczek, Alberto Beltrán, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier
Published in: Journal of Energy Storage, Issue 114, 2025, Page(s) 115542, ISSN 2352-152X
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115542

Solutal convection in Na–Zn liquid metal batteries and its impact on self-discharge

Author(s): C. Duczek, N. Weber, W. Nash, M. Sarma, T. Weier
Published in: Physics of Fluids, Issue 37, 2025, Page(s) 023370, ISSN 1089-7666
Publisher: AIP Publishing
DOI: 10.1063/5.0253032

A continuous multiphase model for liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Omar E. Godinez-Brizuela, Carolina Duczek, Norbert Weber, William Nash, Martins Sarma, Kristian E. Einarsrud
Published in: Journal of Energy Storage, Issue 73, 2023, Page(s) 109147, ISSN 2352-1538
Publisher: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109147

The Joining of Alumina to Hastelloy by a TiZrCuNi Filler Metal: Wettability and Interfacial Reactivity

Author(s): Andrea Baggio; Fabiana D’Isanto; Fabrizio Valenza; Sofia Gambaro; Valentina Casalegno; Milena Salvo; Federico Smeacetto
Published in: MDPI Materials, Issue 16/5, 2023, Page(s) 1976, ISSN 1996-1944
Publisher: MDPI Open Access Publishing
DOI: 10.3390/ma16051976

Cell design strategies for sodium-zinc chloride (Na-ZnCl2) batteries, and first demonstration of tubular cells with 38 Ah capacity

Author(s): Meike V. F. Heinz, Louis Sieuw, Tu Lan, Alberto Turconi, Diego Basso, Fabrizio Vagliani, Andrea Pozzi, and Corsin Battaglia
Published in: Electrochimica Acta, Issue 464, 2023, Page(s) 142881, ISSN 1873-3859
Publisher: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142881

Molten Salt Electrolyte for Na-ZnCl2 All-Liquid Battery for Grid Storage

Author(s): Wenjin Ding, Ralf Hoffmann, Akshata Barge, Ole S. Kjos, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier, Thomas Bauer
Published in: Batteries, Issue 11, 2025, Page(s) 177, ISSN 2313-0105
Publisher: MDPI AG
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11050177

Thesis and dissertations (7)

Development of molten chloride salt electrolytes in Na-ZnCl2 batteries for large-scale energy storage

Author(s): Sumit Kumar
Published in: 2021, Page(s) 87
Publisher: University of Stuttgart / German Aerospace Center

A Study of the Sodium Oxidation and Reduction Reactions in the Na-Zn All-Liquid Battery

Author(s): Helene Hillestad
Published in: 2024
Publisher: NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Investigating the investment and operational costs of the Na-Zn molten salt battery and evaluating how cost competitive it will be against other technologies in the future

Author(s): Ross Berridge
Published in: 2021
Publisher: Imperial College London

Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of Zinc in Chloride Melts for Use in the All-Liquid Na-Zn Battery

Author(s): Frode Sunde Halrynjo
Published in: 2024
Publisher: NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Development of Molten Salt Electrolytes in Na-ZnCl2 All Liquid Battery for Electrical Grid Storage

Author(s): Farouk, Mohamed
Published in: 2022
Publisher: TU Berlin (Master thesis)

Simulations of mass transport in liquid metal electrodes

Author(s): Paolo Personnettaz
Published in: 2022, Page(s) 221
Publisher: TU Dresden

Sodium-Zinc solid electrolyte batteries - the enabler of low-cost energy storage?

Author(s): Chanwith Buntoengpesuchsakul
Published in: 2022, Page(s) 104
Publisher: Imperial College London

Non-peer reviewed articles (1)

Risk assessment for Na-Zn liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Norbert Weber, Carolina Duczek, Gleidys Monrrabal, William Nash, Martins Sarma, Tom Weier
Published in: Open Research Europe, Issue 4, 2024, Page(s) 236, ISSN 2732-5121
Publisher: F1000 Research Ltd
DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.17733.1

Book chapters (4)

Decommissioning, Characterization, and Proposed Recycling Route of a Used Na-ZnCl2 Battery Cell

Author(s): Cathrine K. W. Solem, Thomas Park Simonsen, Fabrizio Vagliani, Zhaohui Wang, Stein Rørvik, Alberto Turconi, Andrea Pozzi, Camilla Sommerseth, Karen S. Osen, Kent-Robert Molvik, Ole S. Kjos
Published in: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, REWAS 2025, 2025, Page(s) 99-111, ISBN 978-3-031-80892-0
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-80892-0_10

Liquid metal batteries

Author(s): Norbert Weber; Tom Weier
Published in: Electrochemical Cell Calculations with OpenFOAM, 2022, Page(s) 193-212, ISBN 978-3-030-92177-4
Publisher: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92178-1_7

Sodium Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Materials—Na Thermo-gravimetric Analysis and Liquid Na Exposure Test

Author(s): Ole S. Kjos, Zhaohui Wang, Kent-Robert Molvik, Stein Rørvik, Cathrine K. W. Solem, Camilla Sommerseth
Published in: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, TMS 2025 154th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 2025, Page(s) 1198-1210, ISBN 978-3-031-80748-0
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-80748-0_106

Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B

Author(s): M. V. F. Heinz, D. Landmann, D. Basso, C. Battaglia
Published in: Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B: Unit Processes, 2025, Page(s) 655-666, ISBN 978-0-443-40294-4
Publisher: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/c2024-0-01885-1

Conference proceedings (2)

Molten Salt Electrolyte in Na-ZnCl2 Solid Electrolyte Battery for Electricity Storage

Author(s): Ding, Wenjin; Kumar, Sumit; Bonk, Alexander; Heinz, Meike; Weber, Norbert; Bauer, Thomas
Published in: International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, 2022
Publisher: EUROSOLAR

Pore-Scale Micro-Structural Analysis of Electrode Conductance in Metal Displacement Batteries

Author(s): Omar Emmanuel Godinez Brizuela, Daniel Niblett, Kristian E. Einarsrud
Published in: 241st ECS Meeting, Issue 29 May - 2 June 2022, 2022
Publisher: The Electrochemical Society