Sodium-Zinc molten salt batteries for low-cost stationary storage

Información del proyecto

SOLSTICE

Identificador del acuerdo de subvención: 963599

DOI

10.3030/963599

Proyecto cerrado

Fecha de la firma de la CE 28 Octubre 2020

Fecha de inicio 1 Enero 2021

Fecha de finalización 30 Junio 2025

Financiado con arreglo a

• SOCIETAL CHALLENGES - Secure, clean and efficient energy

Coste total

€ 7 720 798,75

Aportación de la UE

€ 7 720 798,75

Coordinado por

HELMHOLTZ-ZENTRUM DRESDEN-ROSSENDORF EV
Germany

CORDIS proporciona enlaces a los documentos públicos y las publicaciones de los proyectos de los programas marco HORIZONTE.

Los enlaces a los documentos y las publicaciones de los proyectos del Séptimo Programa Marco, así como los enlaces a algunos tipos de resultados específicos, como conjuntos de datos y «software», se obtienen dinámicamente de OpenAIRE .

Resultado final

Documents, reports (11)

Publication on conductivity measurements

Results on conductivity measurements will be presented. The knowledge of the ionic conductivity of the salt electrolyte is highly important, because it is needed for modelling and determines the ohmic cell losses.

Memo on current collector development

The results of the current collector development will be presented. It will include, e.g., the wetting by Zn.

Report about optimised cell design and production system for all-liquid cells

Results on an optimised cell design for all-liquid cells will be reported. This will include a production-optimised design.

Preliminary LCA and eco-design recommendation

A preliminary LCA will be presented. Eco-design recommendation will be given for cell development.

Report or publication on all-liquid cell electrolyte phase diagram

Results on the all-liquid cell electrolyte will be presented. This will include e.g. a phase-diagramme.

Report or publication on Na- and Zn-solubility measurements

Results on Na- and Zn-solubility measurements will be presented. Special focus will lay on the solubility of Na in the molten salt.

First Report on societal impact assessment

The results of a preliminary societal impact assessment will be presented.

Report or publication on 1D model

Results on the development of the 1D numerical cell voltage model will be reported. If possible, results will be published as a journal article.

Memo on diaphragm development

Results on diaphragm development will be reported. It will include, e.g., the material and optimal shape of the diaphragm.

Final Report on societal impact assessment

The final results of the societal impact assessment will be presented.

Report on investment and operating cost

Results on investment and operating cost of the batteries will be presented.

Websites, patent fillings, videos etc. (1)

Project Website

A project website of SOLSTICE will be developed. It will serve as an information resource for all target groups.

Publicaciones

Peer reviewed articles (25)

Membrane‐Free Alkali Metal‐Iodide Battery with a Molten Salt

Autores: Juhan Lee; Gleidys Monrrabal-Marquez; Martins Sarma; Tobias Lappan; Yvonne Jasmin Hofstetter; Pavel Trtik; Steffen Landgraf; Wenjin Ding; Sumit Kumar; Yana Vaynzof; Norbert Weber; Tom Weier
Publicado en: Energy Technology, Edición 2300051, 2023, Página(s) 1-12, ISSN 2194-4296
Editor: Wiley
DOI: 10.1002/ente.202300051

Reusable Cell Design for High-Temperature (600 °C) Liquid Metal Battery Cycling

Autores: Martins Sarma, Juhan Lee, William Nash, Tobias Lappan, Natalia Shevchenko, Steffen Landgraf, Gleidys Monrrabal, Pavel Trtik, Norbert Weber and Tom Weier
Publicado en: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Edición 171/4, 2024, Página(s) 040531, ISSN 1945-7111
Editor: IOP Publishing
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad3b78

Anode-metal drop formation and detachment mechanisms in liquid metal batteries

Autores: Sabrina Bénard, Norbert Weber, Gerrit Maik Horstmann, Steffen Landgraf, Tom Weier
Publicado en: Journal of Power Sources, Edición 510, 2021, Página(s) 230339, ISSN 0378-7753
Editor: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230339

Yamdb: easily accessible thermophysical properties of liquid metals and molten salts

Autores: Tom Weier, William Nash, Paolo Personnettaz, Norbert Weber
Publicado en: Journal of Open Research Software, 2025, ISSN 2049-9647
Editor: Ubiquity Press

Enhancing Specific Energy and Cycling Stability of High-Temperature Na-ZnCl2 Batteries with Foam-Based Electrodes

Autores: Sajad Rahimi, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Rohat Celik, Fabrizio Vagliani, Diego Basso, Alberto Turconi, Andrea Pozzi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Publicado en: Advanced Energy Materials, Edición 2501893, 2025, ISSN 1614-6832
Editor: Wiley-VCH Verlag
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202501893

On the Usage of Battery Equivalent Series Resistance for Shuntless Coulomb Counting and SOC Estimation

Autores: Alessio De Angelis, Paolo Carbone, Francesco Santoni, Michele Vitelli, Luca Ruscitti
Publicado en: MDPI Batteries, Edición 9(6), 2023, Página(s) 286, ISSN 2313-0105
Editor: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9060286

Microstructural Analysis of Effective Electrode Conductivity in Molten Salt, Na-ZnCl₂ Batteries

Autores: O. E. Godinez-Brizuela; Daniel Niblett; Kristian E. Einarsrud
Publicado en: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Edición 00134651, 2022, ISSN 0013-4651
Editor: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac8edd

Fluid mechanics of Na-Zn liquid metal batteries

Autores: C. Duczek, G. M. Horstmann, W. Ding, K. E. Einarsrud, A. Y. Gelfgat, O. E. Godinez-Brizuela, O. S. Kjos, S. Landgraf, T. Lappan, G. Monrrabal, W. Nash, P. Personnettaz, M. Sarma, C. Sommerseth, P. Trtik, N. Weber, T. Weier
Publicado en: Applied Physics Reviews, Edición 11, 2024, ISSN 1931-9401
Editor: AIP Publishing LLC
DOI: 10.1063/5.0225593

Erratum: Electrical Conductivity of Binary, Ternary, Quaternary and Quinary Molten Salt Mixtures Based on NaCl–CaCl₂ [J. Electrochem. Soc., 171, 106503 (2024)]

Autores: Camilla Sommerseth, Kent-Robert Molvik, Helene Hillestad, Marthe Nybrodahl, Wojciech Gebarowski, Ole S. Kjos
Publicado en: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Edición 171, 2024, Página(s) 119001, ISSN 0013-4651
Editor: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad8fda

Simulation of potential and species distribution in a Li||Bi liquid metal battery using coupled meshes

Autores: Duczek, Carolina; Weber, Norbert; Godinez-Brizuela, Omar E.; Weier, Tom
Publicado en: Electrochimica Acta 437(2023), 141413, Edición 1, 2023, ISSN 0013-4686
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141413

Glass-based sealants for joining α to β’’-Al2O3 in Na–Zn batteries

Autores: Fabiana D'Isanto, Andrea Baggio, Milena Salvo, Diego Basso, Daniele Gaia, Federico Smeacetto
Publicado en: Ceramics International, Edición 50/9, Part A, 2024, Página(s) 14542-14549, ISSN 0272-8842
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.01.367

Scaling of Planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery Cells to 90 cm2 Active Area

Autores: Tu Lan; Enea Svaluto-Ferro; Natalia Kovalska; Gustav Graeber; Fabrizio Vagliani; Diego Basso; Alberto Turconi; Malgorzata Makowska; Gurdial Blugan; Corsin Battaglia; Meike V. F. Heinz
Publicado en: Batteries & Supercaps, Edición e202400447, 2024, ISSN 2566-6223
Editor: Wiley-VCH
DOI: 10.1002/batt.202400447

Influence of precursor morphology and cathode processing on performance and cycle life of sodium-zinc chloride (Na-ZnCl2) battery cells

Autores: Louis Sieuw, Tu Lan, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Fabrizio Vagliani, Sumit Kumar, Wenjin Ding, Alberto Turconi, Diego Basso, Andrea Pozzi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Publicado en: Energy Storage Materials, Edición Vol. 64, 2024, Página(s) 103077, ISSN 2405-8289
Editor: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103077

Layer coupling between solutal and thermal convection in liquid metal batteries

Autores: Paolo Personnettaz, Tanja Sophia Klopper, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier
Publicado en: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Edición 188, 2022, Página(s) 122555, ISSN 0017-9310
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122555

AlCl3-NaCl-ZnCl2 Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl2) Battery

Autores: Sumit Kumar, Wenjin Ding, Ralf Hoffmann, Louis Sieuw, Meike V. F. Heinz, Norbert Weber, Alexander Bonk
Publicado en: MDPI Batteries, Edición 9/8, 2023, Página(s) 401, ISSN 2313-0105
Editor: MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9080401

Optimizing rheological behavior of glass-based sealant inks for robocasting deposition: A design of experiment approach

Autores: A. Baggio, D. Dalmazzo, F. D’Isanto, E. Santagata, D. Basso, D. Gaia, M. Salvo, F. Smeacetto
Publicado en: Materials & Design, Edición 251, 2025, Página(s) 113678, ISSN 0264-1275
Editor: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113678

Electrical Conductivity of Binary, Ternary, Quaternary and Quinary Molten Salt Mixtures Based on NaCl-CaCl₂

Autores: Camilla Sommerseth, Kent-Robert Molvik, Helene Hillestad, Marthe Nybrodahl, Wojciech Gebarowski, Ole S. Kjos
Publicado en: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Edición 171, 2024, Página(s) 106503, ISSN 0013-4651
Editor: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad83f7

Cell voltage model for Li-Bi liquid metal batteries

Autores: Norbert Weber, Carolina Duczek, Gerrit M. Horstmann, Steffen Landgraf, Michael Nimtz, Paolo Personnettaz, Tom Weier, Donald R. Sadoway
Publicado en: Applied Energy, Edición 309, 2022, Página(s) 118331, ISSN 0306-2619
Editor: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118331

Planar sodium-nickel chloride batteries with high areal capacity for sustainable energy storage

Autores: Tu Lan, Gustav Graeber, Louis Sieuw, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Fabrizio Vagliani, Diego Basso, Alberto Turconi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Publicado en: Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, ISSN 1616-301X
Editor: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202302040

Diaphragm performance of high-temperature Na–Zn cells evaluated by neutron imaging

Autores: William Nash, Martins Sarma, Tobias Lappan, Pavel Trtik, Cathrine K.W. Solem, Zhaohui Wang, Carolina Duczek, Alberto Beltrán, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier
Publicado en: Journal of Energy Storage, Edición 114, 2025, Página(s) 115542, ISSN 2352-152X
Editor: Elsevier Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115542

Solutal convection in Na–Zn liquid metal batteries and its impact on self-discharge

Autores: C. Duczek, N. Weber, W. Nash, M. Sarma, T. Weier
Publicado en: Physics of Fluids, Edición 37, 2025, Página(s) 023370, ISSN 1089-7666
Editor: AIP Publishing
DOI: 10.1063/5.0253032

A continuous multiphase model for liquid metal batteries

Autores: Omar E. Godinez-Brizuela, Carolina Duczek, Norbert Weber, William Nash, Martins Sarma, Kristian E. Einarsrud
Publicado en: Journal of Energy Storage, Edición 73, 2023, Página(s) 109147, ISSN 2352-1538
Editor: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109147

The Joining of Alumina to Hastelloy by a TiZrCuNi Filler Metal: Wettability and Interfacial Reactivity

Autores: Andrea Baggio; Fabiana D’Isanto; Fabrizio Valenza; Sofia Gambaro; Valentina Casalegno; Milena Salvo; Federico Smeacetto
Publicado en: MDPI Materials, Edición 16/5, 2023, Página(s) 1976, ISSN 1996-1944
Editor: MDPI Open Access Publishing
DOI: 10.3390/ma16051976

Cell design strategies for sodium-zinc chloride (Na-ZnCl2) batteries, and first demonstration of tubular cells with 38 Ah capacity

Autores: Meike V. F. Heinz, Louis Sieuw, Tu Lan, Alberto Turconi, Diego Basso, Fabrizio Vagliani, Andrea Pozzi, and Corsin Battaglia
Publicado en: Electrochimica Acta, Edición 464, 2023, Página(s) 142881, ISSN 1873-3859
Editor: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142881

Molten Salt Electrolyte for Na-ZnCl2 All-Liquid Battery for Grid Storage

Autores: Wenjin Ding, Ralf Hoffmann, Akshata Barge, Ole S. Kjos, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier, Thomas Bauer
Publicado en: Batteries, Edición 11, 2025, Página(s) 177, ISSN 2313-0105
Editor: MDPI AG
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11050177

Thesis and dissertations (7)

Development of molten chloride salt electrolytes in Na-ZnCl2 batteries for large-scale energy storage

Autores: Sumit Kumar
Publicado en: 2021, Página(s) 87
Editor: University of Stuttgart / German Aerospace Center

A Study of the Sodium Oxidation and Reduction Reactions in the Na-Zn All-Liquid Battery

Autores: Helene Hillestad
Publicado en: 2024
Editor: NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Investigating the investment and operational costs of the Na-Zn molten salt battery and evaluating how cost competitive it will be against other technologies in the future

Autores: Ross Berridge
Publicado en: 2021
Editor: Imperial College London

Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of Zinc in Chloride Melts for Use in the All-Liquid Na-Zn Battery

Autores: Frode Sunde Halrynjo
Publicado en: 2024
Editor: NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Development of Molten Salt Electrolytes in Na-ZnCl2 All Liquid Battery for Electrical Grid Storage

Autores: Farouk, Mohamed
Publicado en: 2022
Editor: TU Berlin (Master thesis)

Simulations of mass transport in liquid metal electrodes

Autores: Paolo Personnettaz
Publicado en: 2022, Página(s) 221
Editor: TU Dresden

Sodium-Zinc solid electrolyte batteries - the enabler of low-cost energy storage?

Autores: Chanwith Buntoengpesuchsakul
Publicado en: 2022, Página(s) 104
Editor: Imperial College London

Non-peer reviewed articles (1)

Risk assessment for Na-Zn liquid metal batteries

Autores: Norbert Weber, Carolina Duczek, Gleidys Monrrabal, William Nash, Martins Sarma, Tom Weier
Publicado en: Open Research Europe, Edición 4, 2024, Página(s) 236, ISSN 2732-5121
Editor: F1000 Research Ltd
DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.17733.1

Book chapters (4)

Decommissioning, Characterization, and Proposed Recycling Route of a Used Na-ZnCl2 Battery Cell

Autores: Cathrine K. W. Solem, Thomas Park Simonsen, Fabrizio Vagliani, Zhaohui Wang, Stein Rørvik, Alberto Turconi, Andrea Pozzi, Camilla Sommerseth, Karen S. Osen, Kent-Robert Molvik, Ole S. Kjos
Publicado en: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, REWAS 2025, 2025, Página(s) 99-111, ISBN 978-3-031-80892-0
Editor: Springer Nature Switzerland
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-80892-0_10

Liquid metal batteries

Autores: Norbert Weber; Tom Weier
Publicado en: Electrochemical Cell Calculations with OpenFOAM, 2022, Página(s) 193-212, ISBN 978-3-030-92177-4
Editor: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92178-1_7

Sodium Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Materials—Na Thermo-gravimetric Analysis and Liquid Na Exposure Test

Autores: Ole S. Kjos, Zhaohui Wang, Kent-Robert Molvik, Stein Rørvik, Cathrine K. W. Solem, Camilla Sommerseth
Publicado en: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, TMS 2025 154th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 2025, Página(s) 1198-1210, ISBN 978-3-031-80748-0
Editor: Springer Nature Switzerland
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-80748-0_106

Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B

Autores: M. V. F. Heinz, D. Landmann, D. Basso, C. Battaglia
Publicado en: Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B: Unit Processes, 2025, Página(s) 655-666, ISBN 978-0-443-40294-4
Editor: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/c2024-0-01885-1

Conference proceedings (2)

Molten Salt Electrolyte in Na-ZnCl2 Solid Electrolyte Battery for Electricity Storage

Autores: Ding, Wenjin; Kumar, Sumit; Bonk, Alexander; Heinz, Meike; Weber, Norbert; Bauer, Thomas
Publicado en: International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, 2022
Editor: EUROSOLAR

Pore-Scale Micro-Structural Analysis of Electrode Conductance in Metal Displacement Batteries

Autores: Omar Emmanuel Godinez Brizuela, Daniel Niblett, Kristian E. Einarsrud
Publicado en: 241st ECS Meeting, Edición 29 May - 2 June 2022, 2022
Editor: The Electrochemical Society