Sodium-Zinc molten salt batteries for low-cost stationary storage

Informazioni relative al progetto

SOLSTICE

ID dell’accordo di sovvenzione: 963599

DOI

10.3030/963599

Progetto chiuso

Data della firma CE 28 Ottobre 2020

Data di avvio 1 Gennaio 2021

Data di completamento 30 Giugno 2025

Finanziato da

• SOCIETAL CHALLENGES - Secure, clean and efficient energy

Costo totale

€ 7 720 798,75

Contributo UE

€ 7 720 798,75

Coordinato da

HELMHOLTZ-ZENTRUM DRESDEN-ROSSENDORF EV
Germany

CORDIS fornisce collegamenti ai risultati finali pubblici e alle pubblicazioni dei progetti ORIZZONTE.

I link ai risultati e alle pubblicazioni dei progetti del 7° PQ, così come i link ad alcuni tipi di risultati specifici come dataset e software, sono recuperati dinamicamente da .OpenAIRE .

Risultati finali

Documents, reports (11)

Publication on conductivity measurements

Results on conductivity measurements will be presented. The knowledge of the ionic conductivity of the salt electrolyte is highly important, because it is needed for modelling and determines the ohmic cell losses.

Memo on current collector development

The results of the current collector development will be presented. It will include, e.g., the wetting by Zn.

Report about optimised cell design and production system for all-liquid cells

Results on an optimised cell design for all-liquid cells will be reported. This will include a production-optimised design.

Preliminary LCA and eco-design recommendation

A preliminary LCA will be presented. Eco-design recommendation will be given for cell development.

Report or publication on all-liquid cell electrolyte phase diagram

Results on the all-liquid cell electrolyte will be presented. This will include e.g. a phase-diagramme.

Report or publication on Na- and Zn-solubility measurements

Results on Na- and Zn-solubility measurements will be presented. Special focus will lay on the solubility of Na in the molten salt.

First Report on societal impact assessment

The results of a preliminary societal impact assessment will be presented.

Report or publication on 1D model

Results on the development of the 1D numerical cell voltage model will be reported. If possible, results will be published as a journal article.

Memo on diaphragm development

Results on diaphragm development will be reported. It will include, e.g., the material and optimal shape of the diaphragm.

Final Report on societal impact assessment

The final results of the societal impact assessment will be presented.

Report on investment and operating cost

Results on investment and operating cost of the batteries will be presented.

Websites, patent fillings, videos etc. (1)

Project Website

A project website of SOLSTICE will be developed. It will serve as an information resource for all target groups.

Pubblicazioni

Peer reviewed articles (25)

Membrane‐Free Alkali Metal‐Iodide Battery with a Molten Salt

Autori: Juhan Lee; Gleidys Monrrabal-Marquez; Martins Sarma; Tobias Lappan; Yvonne Jasmin Hofstetter; Pavel Trtik; Steffen Landgraf; Wenjin Ding; Sumit Kumar; Yana Vaynzof; Norbert Weber; Tom Weier
Pubblicato in: Energy Technology, Numero 2300051, 2023, Pagina/e 1-12, ISSN 2194-4296
Editore: Wiley
DOI: 10.1002/ente.202300051

Reusable Cell Design for High-Temperature (600 °C) Liquid Metal Battery Cycling

Autori: Martins Sarma, Juhan Lee, William Nash, Tobias Lappan, Natalia Shevchenko, Steffen Landgraf, Gleidys Monrrabal, Pavel Trtik, Norbert Weber and Tom Weier
Pubblicato in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Numero 171/4, 2024, Pagina/e 040531, ISSN 1945-7111
Editore: IOP Publishing
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad3b78

Anode-metal drop formation and detachment mechanisms in liquid metal batteries

Autori: Sabrina Bénard, Norbert Weber, Gerrit Maik Horstmann, Steffen Landgraf, Tom Weier
Pubblicato in: Journal of Power Sources, Numero 510, 2021, Pagina/e 230339, ISSN 0378-7753
Editore: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230339

Yamdb: easily accessible thermophysical properties of liquid metals and molten salts

Autori: Tom Weier, William Nash, Paolo Personnettaz, Norbert Weber
Pubblicato in: Journal of Open Research Software, 2025, ISSN 2049-9647
Editore: Ubiquity Press

Enhancing Specific Energy and Cycling Stability of High-Temperature Na-ZnCl2 Batteries with Foam-Based Electrodes

Autori: Sajad Rahimi, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Rohat Celik, Fabrizio Vagliani, Diego Basso, Alberto Turconi, Andrea Pozzi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Pubblicato in: Advanced Energy Materials, Numero 2501893, 2025, ISSN 1614-6832
Editore: Wiley-VCH Verlag
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202501893

On the Usage of Battery Equivalent Series Resistance for Shuntless Coulomb Counting and SOC Estimation

Autori: Alessio De Angelis, Paolo Carbone, Francesco Santoni, Michele Vitelli, Luca Ruscitti
Pubblicato in: MDPI Batteries, Numero 9(6), 2023, Pagina/e 286, ISSN 2313-0105
Editore: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9060286

Microstructural Analysis of Effective Electrode Conductivity in Molten Salt, Na-ZnCl₂ Batteries

Autori: O. E. Godinez-Brizuela; Daniel Niblett; Kristian E. Einarsrud
Pubblicato in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Numero 00134651, 2022, ISSN 0013-4651
Editore: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ac8edd

Fluid mechanics of Na-Zn liquid metal batteries

Autori: C. Duczek, G. M. Horstmann, W. Ding, K. E. Einarsrud, A. Y. Gelfgat, O. E. Godinez-Brizuela, O. S. Kjos, S. Landgraf, T. Lappan, G. Monrrabal, W. Nash, P. Personnettaz, M. Sarma, C. Sommerseth, P. Trtik, N. Weber, T. Weier
Pubblicato in: Applied Physics Reviews, Numero 11, 2024, ISSN 1931-9401
Editore: AIP Publishing LLC
DOI: 10.1063/5.0225593

Erratum: Electrical Conductivity of Binary, Ternary, Quaternary and Quinary Molten Salt Mixtures Based on NaCl–CaCl₂ [J. Electrochem. Soc., 171, 106503 (2024)]

Autori: Camilla Sommerseth, Kent-Robert Molvik, Helene Hillestad, Marthe Nybrodahl, Wojciech Gebarowski, Ole S. Kjos
Pubblicato in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Numero 171, 2024, Pagina/e 119001, ISSN 0013-4651
Editore: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad8fda

Simulation of potential and species distribution in a Li||Bi liquid metal battery using coupled meshes

Autori: Duczek, Carolina; Weber, Norbert; Godinez-Brizuela, Omar E.; Weier, Tom
Pubblicato in: Electrochimica Acta 437(2023), 141413, Numero 1, 2023, ISSN 0013-4686
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141413

Glass-based sealants for joining α to β’’-Al2O3 in Na–Zn batteries

Autori: Fabiana D'Isanto, Andrea Baggio, Milena Salvo, Diego Basso, Daniele Gaia, Federico Smeacetto
Pubblicato in: Ceramics International, Numero 50/9, Part A, 2024, Pagina/e 14542-14549, ISSN 0272-8842
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.01.367

Scaling of Planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery Cells to 90 cm2 Active Area

Autori: Tu Lan; Enea Svaluto-Ferro; Natalia Kovalska; Gustav Graeber; Fabrizio Vagliani; Diego Basso; Alberto Turconi; Malgorzata Makowska; Gurdial Blugan; Corsin Battaglia; Meike V. F. Heinz
Pubblicato in: Batteries & Supercaps, Numero e202400447, 2024, ISSN 2566-6223
Editore: Wiley-VCH
DOI: 10.1002/batt.202400447

Influence of precursor morphology and cathode processing on performance and cycle life of sodium-zinc chloride (Na-ZnCl2) battery cells

Autori: Louis Sieuw, Tu Lan, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Fabrizio Vagliani, Sumit Kumar, Wenjin Ding, Alberto Turconi, Diego Basso, Andrea Pozzi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Pubblicato in: Energy Storage Materials, Numero Vol. 64, 2024, Pagina/e 103077, ISSN 2405-8289
Editore: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103077

Layer coupling between solutal and thermal convection in liquid metal batteries

Autori: Paolo Personnettaz, Tanja Sophia Klopper, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier
Pubblicato in: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Numero 188, 2022, Pagina/e 122555, ISSN 0017-9310
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122555

AlCl3-NaCl-ZnCl2 Secondary Electrolyte in Next-Generation ZEBRA (Na-ZnCl2) Battery

Autori: Sumit Kumar, Wenjin Ding, Ralf Hoffmann, Louis Sieuw, Meike V. F. Heinz, Norbert Weber, Alexander Bonk
Pubblicato in: MDPI Batteries, Numero 9/8, 2023, Pagina/e 401, ISSN 2313-0105
Editore: MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/batteries9080401

Optimizing rheological behavior of glass-based sealant inks for robocasting deposition: A design of experiment approach

Autori: A. Baggio, D. Dalmazzo, F. D’Isanto, E. Santagata, D. Basso, D. Gaia, M. Salvo, F. Smeacetto
Pubblicato in: Materials & Design, Numero 251, 2025, Pagina/e 113678, ISSN 0264-1275
Editore: Elsevier BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.113678

Electrical Conductivity of Binary, Ternary, Quaternary and Quinary Molten Salt Mixtures Based on NaCl-CaCl₂

Autori: Camilla Sommerseth, Kent-Robert Molvik, Helene Hillestad, Marthe Nybrodahl, Wojciech Gebarowski, Ole S. Kjos
Pubblicato in: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Numero 171, 2024, Pagina/e 106503, ISSN 0013-4651
Editore: Electrochemical Society, Inc.
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ad83f7

Cell voltage model for Li-Bi liquid metal batteries

Autori: Norbert Weber, Carolina Duczek, Gerrit M. Horstmann, Steffen Landgraf, Michael Nimtz, Paolo Personnettaz, Tom Weier, Donald R. Sadoway
Pubblicato in: Applied Energy, Numero 309, 2022, Pagina/e 118331, ISSN 0306-2619
Editore: Pergamon Press Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118331

Planar sodium-nickel chloride batteries with high areal capacity for sustainable energy storage

Autori: Tu Lan, Gustav Graeber, Louis Sieuw, Enea Svaluto-Ferro, Fabrizio Vagliani, Diego Basso, Alberto Turconi, Corsin Battaglia, Meike V. F. Heinz
Pubblicato in: Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, ISSN 1616-301X
Editore: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202302040

Diaphragm performance of high-temperature Na–Zn cells evaluated by neutron imaging

Autori: William Nash, Martins Sarma, Tobias Lappan, Pavel Trtik, Cathrine K.W. Solem, Zhaohui Wang, Carolina Duczek, Alberto Beltrán, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier
Pubblicato in: Journal of Energy Storage, Numero 114, 2025, Pagina/e 115542, ISSN 2352-152X
Editore: Elsevier Ltd.
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2025.115542

Solutal convection in Na–Zn liquid metal batteries and its impact on self-discharge

Autori: C. Duczek, N. Weber, W. Nash, M. Sarma, T. Weier
Pubblicato in: Physics of Fluids, Numero 37, 2025, Pagina/e 023370, ISSN 1089-7666
Editore: AIP Publishing
DOI: 10.1063/5.0253032

A continuous multiphase model for liquid metal batteries

Autori: Omar E. Godinez-Brizuela, Carolina Duczek, Norbert Weber, William Nash, Martins Sarma, Kristian E. Einarsrud
Pubblicato in: Journal of Energy Storage, Numero 73, 2023, Pagina/e 109147, ISSN 2352-1538
Editore: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109147

The Joining of Alumina to Hastelloy by a TiZrCuNi Filler Metal: Wettability and Interfacial Reactivity

Autori: Andrea Baggio; Fabiana D’Isanto; Fabrizio Valenza; Sofia Gambaro; Valentina Casalegno; Milena Salvo; Federico Smeacetto
Pubblicato in: MDPI Materials, Numero 16/5, 2023, Pagina/e 1976, ISSN 1996-1944
Editore: MDPI Open Access Publishing
DOI: 10.3390/ma16051976

Cell design strategies for sodium-zinc chloride (Na-ZnCl2) batteries, and first demonstration of tubular cells with 38 Ah capacity

Autori: Meike V. F. Heinz, Louis Sieuw, Tu Lan, Alberto Turconi, Diego Basso, Fabrizio Vagliani, Andrea Pozzi, and Corsin Battaglia
Pubblicato in: Electrochimica Acta, Numero 464, 2023, Pagina/e 142881, ISSN 1873-3859
Editore: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142881

Molten Salt Electrolyte for Na-ZnCl2 All-Liquid Battery for Grid Storage

Autori: Wenjin Ding, Ralf Hoffmann, Akshata Barge, Ole S. Kjos, Norbert Weber, Tom Weier, Thomas Bauer
Pubblicato in: Batteries, Numero 11, 2025, Pagina/e 177, ISSN 2313-0105
Editore: MDPI AG
DOI: 10.3390/batteries11050177

Thesis and dissertations (7)

Development of molten chloride salt electrolytes in Na-ZnCl2 batteries for large-scale energy storage

Autori: Sumit Kumar
Pubblicato in: 2021, Pagina/e 87
Editore: University of Stuttgart / German Aerospace Center

A Study of the Sodium Oxidation and Reduction Reactions in the Na-Zn All-Liquid Battery

Autori: Helene Hillestad
Pubblicato in: 2024
Editore: NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Investigating the investment and operational costs of the Na-Zn molten salt battery and evaluating how cost competitive it will be against other technologies in the future

Autori: Ross Berridge
Pubblicato in: 2021
Editore: Imperial College London

Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of Zinc in Chloride Melts for Use in the All-Liquid Na-Zn Battery

Autori: Frode Sunde Halrynjo
Pubblicato in: 2024
Editore: NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Development of Molten Salt Electrolytes in Na-ZnCl2 All Liquid Battery for Electrical Grid Storage

Autori: Farouk, Mohamed
Pubblicato in: 2022
Editore: TU Berlin (Master thesis)

Simulations of mass transport in liquid metal electrodes

Autori: Paolo Personnettaz
Pubblicato in: 2022, Pagina/e 221
Editore: TU Dresden

Sodium-Zinc solid electrolyte batteries - the enabler of low-cost energy storage?

Autori: Chanwith Buntoengpesuchsakul
Pubblicato in: 2022, Pagina/e 104
Editore: Imperial College London

Non-peer reviewed articles (1)

Risk assessment for Na-Zn liquid metal batteries

Autori: Norbert Weber, Carolina Duczek, Gleidys Monrrabal, William Nash, Martins Sarma, Tom Weier
Pubblicato in: Open Research Europe, Numero 4, 2024, Pagina/e 236, ISSN 2732-5121
Editore: F1000 Research Ltd
DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.17733.1

Book chapters (4)

Decommissioning, Characterization, and Proposed Recycling Route of a Used Na-ZnCl2 Battery Cell

Autori: Cathrine K. W. Solem, Thomas Park Simonsen, Fabrizio Vagliani, Zhaohui Wang, Stein Rørvik, Alberto Turconi, Andrea Pozzi, Camilla Sommerseth, Karen S. Osen, Kent-Robert Molvik, Ole S. Kjos
Pubblicato in: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, REWAS 2025, 2025, Pagina/e 99-111, ISBN 978-3-031-80892-0
Editore: Springer Nature Switzerland
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-80892-0_10

Liquid metal batteries

Autori: Norbert Weber; Tom Weier
Pubblicato in: Electrochemical Cell Calculations with OpenFOAM, 2022, Pagina/e 193-212, ISBN 978-3-030-92177-4
Editore: Springer
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92178-1_7

Sodium Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Materials—Na Thermo-gravimetric Analysis and Liquid Na Exposure Test

Autori: Ole S. Kjos, Zhaohui Wang, Kent-Robert Molvik, Stein Rørvik, Cathrine K. W. Solem, Camilla Sommerseth
Pubblicato in: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, TMS 2025 154th Annual Meeting & Exhibition Supplemental Proceedings, 2025, Pagina/e 1198-1210, ISBN 978-3-031-80748-0
Editore: Springer Nature Switzerland
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-80748-0_106

Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B

Autori: M. V. F. Heinz, D. Landmann, D. Basso, C. Battaglia
Pubblicato in: Treatise on Process Metallurgy, Volume 2B: Unit Processes, 2025, Pagina/e 655-666, ISBN 978-0-443-40294-4
Editore: Elsevier
DOI: 10.1016/c2024-0-01885-1

Conference proceedings (2)

Molten Salt Electrolyte in Na-ZnCl2 Solid Electrolyte Battery for Electricity Storage

Autori: Ding, Wenjin; Kumar, Sumit; Bonk, Alexander; Heinz, Meike; Weber, Norbert; Bauer, Thomas
Pubblicato in: International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, 2022
Editore: EUROSOLAR

Pore-Scale Micro-Structural Analysis of Electrode Conductance in Metal Displacement Batteries

Autori: Omar Emmanuel Godinez Brizuela, Daniel Niblett, Kristian E. Einarsrud
Pubblicato in: 241st ECS Meeting, Numero 29 May - 2 June 2022, 2022
Editore: The Electrochemical Society