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Risultati finali
An experimental database on wall impingement of droplets and sprays has been created.
The investigations have been divided into different work package tasks focusing on single droplet impact [UB; ITS; ONERA; WUEK]; droplet chain impact [ITS; ONERA; WUEK]; mono disperse sprays [ITS; UB; WUEK]; and GDI injector (poly disperse) sprays [CUT; CU].
In the experiments wall temperature; surface structure; and backpressure as well as impact velocity; angle; and frequency have been varied.
They were carried out using different liquids; investigating large ranges of Capillary and Laplace numbers.
From images and high-speed films a classification of phenomenological impingement regimes could be achieved. In case of breakup regimes; detailed information on secondary droplet number; size; and velocity in a hemisphere around impact location was obtained from Phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) measurements.
The collected comprehensive database is suitable to derive statistical models for droplet wall impingement from it.
Complementary; a code for 3D simulations of droplet impingement on cold and hot surfaces using a Volume-of-Fluid method was developed and applied to increase the understanding of physical processes [NTUA].
Furthermore; experiments of spray injection in a pressure chamber and optical engines as well were performed [CUT; CU]. From visualisations impingement phenomenology for different angles can be recognised. PDA measurements show secondary droplet properties and distributions.
The abbreviations in brackets [] used above refer to the corresponding project partners who performed the experiments and own the data: [CUT]: I. Denbratt; Chalmers University of Technology (S); [CU]: C. Arcoumanis; City University (UK); [ITS]: K. Dullenkopf; University of Karlsruhe (D); [NTUA]: G. Bergeles; National Technological University of Athens; [ONERA]: G. Lavergne; ONERA (F); [UB]: E. Cossali; University of Bergamo (I); [WUEK]: U. Renz; Aachen Univesity of Technology (D).
Based on experimental data of DWDIE project general approaches for a droplet-wall-impingement model have been derived. The objective of the model is to account for different impingement regimes and to provide secondary droplet properties (velocities; sizes) in case of break-up. A general structure for model development and implementation was provided [WUEK; ITS].
In context of model derivation; a comprehensive overview and general evaluation of existing literature models was prepared [UB]. Numerous literature models were implemented in Fluent 4.4.8 and user Fortran [WUEK; CU]. Existing models in Fire v7.3 were tested and compared to DWDIE measurements [CUT; Bosch]. It was demonstrated; that in most cases the underlying database is too small to derive generally valid models. The new models are specified as formula expressions as well; ready to be implemented into CFD code.
A model for droplet rebound has been derived from experimental data [ONERA]. New general models accounting for break-up in sprays; based on DWDIE and literature data have been developed as well [Bosch; WUEK]. The good agreement with spray visualisations and PDA measurements demonstrates the enhancement compared to existing older models.
The model development is partially done and it will be ongoing work in the future [Bosch; CUT; ITS; ONERA; UB; WUEK].
The abbreviations in brackets [] used above refer to the corresponding project partners who developed and implemented a model and implemented and tested models from literature: [Bosch]: B. Heine; Robert Bosch GmbH (D); [CU]: C. Arcoumanis; City University (UK); [CUT]: I. Denbratt; Chalmer University of Technology (S); [ITS]: K. Dullenkopf; University of Karlsruhe (D); [ONERA]: G. Lavergne; ONERA (F); [UB]: E. Cossali; University of Bergamo (I); [WUEK]: U. Renz; Aachen Univesity of Technology (D).
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