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The ANIMATE project has implemented the first European autonomous open-ocean multidisciplinary time series observatories in the Atlantic. It is an important and widely visible contribution to global systems under development, most notably via the Ocean SITES project (www.OceanSITES.org), which coordinates an international network of ocean observatories. Similarly, the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) is active in assisting the implementing of a global carbon observing system with volunteer observing ships, research cruises, and reference stations like ANIMATE. The ANIMATE sites are an important part of the maps produced by this body. The major US ocean observatory initiative which is in the planning phase (ORION and the NSF Ocean Observatories Initiative, OOI) would try to operate a significant part of the global time series arrays as described in Ocean SITES and IOCCP. They are looking to Europe for partnering, complementarily, and sharing of effort and resources. ANIMATE is one example of such partnership that ORION will be depending on.
The ANIMATE project has implemented data telemetry for all three moored observatories operated in the project, using a combination of novel approaches. The subsurface part consisted of inductive data transfer along the mooring wire in all cases, except for sensors close enough to the surface to allow running a direct wire from the surface buoy to the sensors. The telemetry to shore was either arranged to be via a single satellite transmitter (here for the ARGOS system) in a very small surface glass float (similar to surface drifters from which the idea was derived), or a suite of transmitters (e.g. ORBCOMM plus ARGOS) on a larger surface buoy. Even though the surface floats were frequently lost due to fishing, vandalism, and mechanical failure, the telemetry systems usually worked well and allowed real-time data recovery on a daily basis from various sensors. In some cases data from as deep as 1500m were telemetered. Inductive modems were also built for other sensors like the CO (2) one, and electrically conductive swivels were constructed to allow free rotation of mooring segments while using the wire as inductive data transfer medium.
The ANIMATE project has implemented for the first time a European capacity for sustained highly resolved (in time) observations of pCO (2) concentrations near the surface in the ocean. This has been applied and tested in three locations in the North Atlantic representative of different regimes. In spite of various technical problems, unique time series have been collected of very high relevance for carbon cycle science, for studying processes and interactions involved in the physical and biological pump, and for observing the variability in the surface pCO (2) flux. These temporally well resolved time series at a few select locations are a good complement to the more spatial sampling mode with ship (VOS) sections sampling the surface water while underway. The need to sample near the surface (and to provide information on the vertical structure) from moorings without requiring large surface buoys has further led to the initiation of development work to allow profiling to the surface with an underwater winch. Every attempt is being made to sustain the pCO (2) observing capacity and to build on the experiences gained in ANMATE, in order to maintain a European contribution to a global ocean carbon observing system.
The ANIMATE project has produced unique data sets for biogeochemical ocean research which are freely available to the research community, to model developers, to operational systems being designed, and to the public. These data include multidisciplinary timeseries of various co-located variables (temperature, salinity, currents, CO2, nutrients, chlorophyll, downward particle flux) from each of the three sites occupied with moorings. In several cases, the available timeseries cover much of an annual cycle. The data can be obtained from the web and ftp site, and also available on CD-ROM.
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