The main advancements in the project for RP1 comprise work undertaken under various WPS, being listed below:
1. DriVe2X has contributed substantially to improving the knowledge of V2X, particularly of its challenges, market gaps, and development needs, as well as to demystify and clarify concepts that for the past years remained unclear and sowed confusion among practitioners and the public alike. This outcome is one of the key exploitable results of the project, and one with extensive scientific/academic exploitation value. Three submitted deliverables contributed to this outcome, namely D1.1 on “Survey and review of worldwide V2X projects and scientific literature”, led by LUT (WP1), D3.1 on “Gap analysis on V2X grid services”, also led by LUT (WP3), and D7.1 on “V2X technical and techno-economical gaps”, which was led by DUT (WP7). Key activities the respective tasks underwent include the creation of an informative “matrix of smart charging strategies”, of a “map of innovation barriers”, and of a framework for comparative analysis of V2X projects, as well as the realization of a bibliometric analysis of bidirectional EV charging terms, a survey on V2X services aimed at e-mobility stakeholders, and technical compatibility/preparedness analyses of V2X hardware and standards.
2. The project produced a comprehensive portfolio of technical V2X use cases, in doing so pioneering the application of the E-Mobility Systems Architecture (EMSA) framework to the mapping of bidirectional EV charging use cases. The EMSA’s detailed characterization of the use cases into interoperable layers is based on the Smart Grid Architectural Model framework, thus becoming highly replicable and exploitable by other stakeholders involved in V2X. In addition, the business layer representation of the EMSA supports business model design and has been adopted for that purpose in the project too. Deliverables D1.3 on “DriVe2X technical architecture and its functionalities and D1.4 on “Detailed characterization of DriVe2X use cases”, both led by LUT (WP1), are the ones exclusively behind this advancement.
3. The socio-technical research led by TNO in WP2 advances significantly the state-of-the art of the research on the user side of V2X, by introducing a comprehensive three-stage model linking individual rationales to the broader and dynamic interrelations among V2X ecosystems actors to explain user perceptions and uptake of V2X technologies and services. Individually, the model considers the users’ emotions, beliefs, preferences, perceptions, physical and psychological responses, behaviours and accomplishments, that occur before, during and after use, as determinant factors of adoption. This socio-technical modelling framework has been validated for other applications, but its use in the context of V2X is completely novel. It is formalized through delivery of D2.1 on “Framework for analysing the human dimension of V2X upscaling” (led by TNO), allowing for devising empirical knowledge on smart charging behaviour, user expectations, drivers, and barriers to V2X, and forming the basis for the inquiry analyses in WP2, from demo case level all the way to EU cities level.
Regarding innovation outputs, RP1 was fertile in developments towards reaching it, but given the early stage of the project, no commercial products or services have yet been tested nor were they made market-ready yet, being that the current stage of the innovation is still of technological development. Examples of innovation outputs under preparation in DriVe2X are the commercial market tools to enable the trading of V2G flexibility, all of which are under extensive development, which include
• A local market platform based on blockchain and smart contracts managing V2X service bids and offers, and performing market clearing with assured cyber-security and privacy, led by ENG (WP4)
• DSO-level interface solutions for making flexibility calls aimed at solving network balancing issues, led by ENG (WP4)
• EMSP-level applications, providing the user interface for V2G compatible e-mobility services and its respective transactions, led by EMOT (WP7).
• At charging station level, a management platform to handle CPO operations considering bidirectional EV charging, let by EMOT (WP7).
• Roaming service platform/clearing house to ensure interoperable and seamless operations between different EMSPs and CPOs, led by ENG and supported by EMOT EMSP/CPO solutions (WP4, WP7).
