Improving forest drought resilience through tree xylem eco-physiological mechanisms

Projektbeschreibung

Dürreresilienz der Wälder stärken

Der Klimawandel bedroht zunehmend die Bäume, die von zentraler Wichtigkeit für die Regulierung des Wasser- und Kohlenstoffkreislaufs der Erde sind. Da die Sommer immer heißer und trockener werden, entwickelt sich die durch Dürren verursachte Sterblichkeit in den europäischen Wäldern und anderen globalen Organismenkollektiven zu einem wachsenden Problem. Aufgrund ihrer Größe und Langlebigkeit können sich Bäume nicht schnell genug an den rasant fortschreitenden globalen Klimawandel anpassen. Die Wälder bleiben jedoch wichtige Ökosysteme, deren Verlust wir uns nicht leisten können. Die Arbeit des ERC-finanzierten Projekts RESILFOREST zielt darauf ab, Wissenslücken bei der Reaktion von Bäumen auf Dürre zu schließen, insbesondere in Bezug auf Xylemembolie, Kohlenstoffmangel und Erholungsprozesse. Mithilfe von Feldmessungen, kontrollierten Experimenten und fortgeschrittener Modellierung wird das Projektteam die ökophysiologischen Mechanismen der Dürreresilienz aufdecken. Diese Forschungsarbeit wird dazu beitragen, Strategien für eine verbesserte Waldbewirtschaftung zu entwickeln.

Ziel

Trees play a major role in Earths water and carbon cycles. Climate change puts trees under a growing threat of drought-induced mortality. This already happens in Europe, where summers are becoming hotter and drier, and across global forest biomes. Due to their large size and long lifespan, trees need time to adapt and migrate, time they lack under the fast rate of global change. On the other hand, foersts are amog the most important ecosystems we simply cannot afford to lose.
Loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity due to eruption of air bubbles is termed xylem embolism. Despite many years of studying tree responses to drought, it is still debated whether xylem embolism actually kills trees. Simultaneous processes like carbon starvation, leaf desiccation and heat damage make it harder to pinpoint the direct effects of drought on xylem enbolism. Further, while the extent of embolism avoidance has been characterized in many tree species, embolism tolerance has been rarely studied, and recovery processes are mostly unknown. Finally, a wide research gap exists between eco-physiological mechanisms at the tree scale and implications at the forest scale. This research proposal portrays a clear roadmap to resolving the open questions in tree hydraulic mechanisms under drought, and to integrating them at the forest scale.
Increasing drought resilience in forests through eco-physiological mechanisms requires (1) in-situ field measurements, (2) controlled experiments to decipher tree mechanisms, and (3) advanced modeling to upscale tree-level measurements into the forest scale and support future forest management.
We will combine novel techniques (custom-made micro-CT, field detection of xylem embolism and water potential, spatial mass spectrometry imaging, and more); field measurements and manipulations on mature trees; greenhouse experiments on diverse tree species; and computational modeling, to test new hypotheses aimed at increasing drought resilience of forests.