Since the launching of the project in February 2017, research activities have advanced at a very sustained pace. During the 3rd reporting period, and despite the difficulties experienced as a result of the COVID crisis, the activities already underway have progressed and the four newly recruited post-doctoral researchers were able to start their research work. The field missions have resumed in March 2021, thus making up for the time lost. Within research axis I (Reconfiguration of the political space and changing forms of political regulation), investigations have dealt with (1) electoral processes and changes in the political landscape (Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, Libya and Algeria), (2) political parties (Algeria, Egypt, and Tunisia), (3) State reforms (security forces, media sector, justice). The surveys’ results on local elections in Tunisia and Algeria have been valorized in the form of a collective book and journal articles. The work of consolidating the electoral database (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt) was continued and allowed for comparative analyses of the evolution of the political field in the region under study. The reading grid developed for the analysis of the partisan field in North Africa has also allowed for comparative analyses between Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Egypt. The results of the research on the reform of the media sector have been presented in a seminar organized in Paris in February 2021 and the collective book resulting from this seminar is currently being published. The work carried on Islamist parties was valorized in a special issue of the journal "Année du Maghreb", published in July 2020. Within research axis II (Memory conflicts and transitional justice), the research has allowed for a more in-depth comparative analysis of transitional justice mechanisms (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia). It also focused on the conflicts of memory surrounding the civil war in Algeria. The research conducted in this axis have resulted in a special issue of the “Année du Maghreb”, entitled “The making of reconciliation policies in the Mediterranean”. Within axis III (Development models, governance and social justice), (1) the research on informal and cross-border economies (Tunisia/Libya, Tunisia/Algeria) has resulted in several publications and presentations at seminars and conferences, (2) surveys on youth mobilizations for access to employment (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia) were pursued in Morocco and Tunisia. They have been presented at seminars and in journal articles and book chapters. The comparative analysis of the research findings on youth and employment is expected to result in a collective book, (3) other research on social movements was continued in Morocco and Tunisia, focusing on environment and agriculture related mobilizations and collective action promoting alternative development models (Tunisia, Morocco). In addition, the research on "the reconfiguration of relations between economic elites and political power" (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) has resulted in a special issue of the journal "Mondes en développement" to be published in June 2021.