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Verwertbare Ergebnisse
Over the past decades consumers have become more demanding about the quality of food and of fresh horticultural products in particular. Supermarket buyers are increasingly measuring quality of fruits and vegetables against objective quality criteria that often require destructive testing. Thus non-invasive means for the assessment of fruit quality are becoming more and more of interest. Accordingly, time-resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (TDRS) was applied for the first time to evaluate internal fruit quality. This technique, developed in the biomedical field, allows the complete non-destructive optical characterization of diffusive media, such as biological tissues. It provides information on the constituents of the probed medium such as chlorophyll and sugars, and on aspects of its microscopic structure such as texture and fiber content through the evaluation of the absorption and scattering coefficients, respectively. Key achievements of the Project included the construction of a large laboratory facility and a compact prototype for TDRS measurements. The laboratory instrumentation allows the non-invasive fully automated optical characterization of diffusive media over a wide spectral range in the visible and near infrared, and was used effectively to measure - for the first time - the absorption and scattering spectra of intact fruits and vegetables. This led to the development of a portable prototype working at selected wavelengths, and easily operated by non-expert personnel. Both systems were used to investigate the relationships between optical TDRS data and standard quality related parameters in kiwifruit, tomato, apple, peach, nectarine and melon. Models to determine firmness, sugar and acid contents were built using sequential statistical techniques: principal component analysis, stepwise multiple linear regression, clustering and discriminant analysis. Classification models were developed to sort apples, peaches, kiwifruits and tomatoes into three quality grades (high, medium and low), according to their optical properties. Overall, a minimum score of 75% of well classified fruits was achieved. The TDRS technique and associated instruments has potential application in research by universities and research institutes and, pending further development, application to the horticultural industries for the monitoring and control of product quality.
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