Training the next generation of astronomers
Black holes are generally formed after a star dies in a gigantic explosion known as supernova, which crushes the remaining core into dense lumps. A maddening enigma called a singularity (a region of infinite density) lies at the heart of each black hole, according to general relativity. Scientists have long sought ways to avoid the complete breakdown of all known laws of physics brought on by singularities. Backed by the EU funding, the 'Multiwavelength studies of galactic black holes' Initial Training Network (BLACK HOLE UNIVERSE ITN) has introduced a new paradigm in black hole research. Seven leading research institutions across Europe joined their efforts to address major questions still unresolved. One of the primary goals of the BLACK HOLE UNIVERSE was to complete this picture of black holes at the heart of galaxies. Ten early stage researchers and two experienced researchers were hired to study the black hole radiation received. Because black holes radiate across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, they were trained in the use of space- and ground-based instruments and different data analysis methods. During the four years of the ITN's operation, researchers applied the most sophisticated jet models available to the spectra of radiation emitted from black holes. Furthermore, the most precise model showing how the accretion flow influences the time lag observed between soft and hard X-ray bands was developed. In the hard X-rays emissions, similarities were found between neutron stars and black holes members of a binary system. Training efforts also helped some 200 participants of two summer schools on multi-wavelength astronomy and a workshop on black hole astrophysics to fulfil market demands. They acquired skills necessary for careers in space technology, an area crucial for Europe's technological leadership which faces severe shortage of experts. The BLACK HOLE UNIVERSE ITN was a successful in addressing Europe's skills challenges through collaboration.
Keywords
Training network, astrophysics, black hole, supernova, singularity, galaxies, electromagnetic spectrum, model, X-rays, workshop, space technology
