Final ReportSummary - HEDRAD (High Energy Digital Radiography)
The main objective of the HEDRAD project was to develop a new generation of digital computed radiographic (CR) system and procedures to meet the stringent defect detectability and functional test requirements in critical thick section components and welds. The developed system and procedures will permit new applications of on-site digital radiography by extending the range of energy levels that can currently be applied to phosphor imaging plate detectors. The target components are those used in demanding high pressure and high temperature applications within the oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation industries (both nuclear and fossil fuel).
Significant progress has been made to meet the objectives of the HEDRAD project. The most applicable computed radiography (CR) scanner has been identified and modified for mobile site inspection. A multi-plate cassette holder has been designed and manufactured that can be used for the multi IP exposure technique and a novel data fusion software (NIRA) has been developed to merge and align the images taken from the multi IP stack.
These deliverables have been continuously improved to optimise the equipment for on-site use. For example, the NIRA fusion software was having difficulty aligning the images when no sharp edges or contrasting details were present. This was solved by fixing lead alignment markers of a specific shape onto the multi plate cassette so that the software could use them to position the images correctly in the x-y orientation. In addition, a high pass filter step was included in the software to help highlight details within the images. It has been shown that averaging four images increases the SNR by two (compared to a single IP image). In WP3, measurement procedures for specific contrast and scatter ratios were determined to help define the optimum IP cassette-screen-filter systems for high energy radiography. Based on the results of these investigations a set of procedures were defined for high energy digital radiography applications. These CR procedures included both single-IP guidelines and multi-IP techniques using the NIRA fusion software. This aspect of the research also helped contribute to numerous ISO standards on digital radiography being submitted during the course of the project.
The performance of these high energy procedures was compared with conventional film radiography in WP4. The comparison was based on defect detection, image quality achieved and functionality testing of thick section components. For the majority of measurements, the CR techniques using the high energy Betatron complied with the image quality requirements set out in ISO-17636 for Class B testing. The main benefit of the CR techniques was the reduced exposure time for heavy wall inspection; up to 60 % saving compared to conventional film radiography. For the field trials, the developed procedures were applied to functional testing of thick section components at an operational power station. Based on the results of the field tests, the end-users observed that the high energy radiographic procedures were sufficient for examining in-service integrated components for functionality.
Project context and objectives:
Digital industrial radiography in the energy sector is generally limited to internal pipe and vessel corrosion detection in service. Large, medium, and thick section component welds as well as base materials are either film radiographed or ultrasonically tested if it is possible to do so. Film radiography requires a multitude of very lengthy exposures (often taking hours of exposure), whereas ultrasonic testing is time consuming and is of limited value on castings and austenitic welds due to the high scattering effects of the ultrasonic beam. Computed Radiography (CR) offers the potential of fast and efficient radiography to overcome these problems.
If suitable CR techniques can be developed to examine medium and thick section large components, radiographic exposure times can be significantly reduced from hours to minutes, resulting in lower personnel doses. Lower radiation levels can be used which improves image quality and reduces the risk to outside workers. New applications (e.g. cast pump bowls and their internals, large valves and their internals, cast pipe bends and austenitic thick section pressure pipe welds) for weld and component inspection in the target industries can result. However, the development of CR into these important energy industry sectors is constrained by the inability of most CR detectors to operate reliably at the very high radiation levels required for heavy wall components.
The main objective of the HEDRAD project was to develop a new generation of digital computed radiographic (CR) system and procedures to meet the stringent defect detectability and functional test requirements in critical thick section components and welds. The developed system and procedures will permit new applications of on-site digital radiography by extending the range of energy levels that can currently be applied to phosphor imaging plate detectors. The target components are those used in demanding high pressure and high temperature applications within the oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation industries (both nuclear and fossil fuel).
The specific technical objectives of the HEDRAD projects are as follows:
- Develop a specialised CR scanner system for mobile on site inspection capable of operating at high energy radiation. This work will entail the selection of the appropriate CR technology for mobile inspection and to develop this into a prototype all weather CR system to be used with specialised IPs for high energy radiography.
- Design and fabricate a multi imaging plate cassette holder to be used for the multiple exposure technique. The design will be suitable for several different imaging plate sizes, and include a method of ensuring correct and repeatable alignment of the imaging plates and spacers. It must also incorporate suitable shielding against backscatter effects.
- Development of a data fusion software tool that could provide pixel accurate averaging of the digital CR images and have the ability to adjust each image to the correct specified co-ordinate system. The development of a software tool is necessary to combine the digital images obtained from the stack of CR plates. The aim of this tool is to combine digital images with the correct alignment and achieve better image quality by lowering the additive noise and to expose more details of interest to the operator. This work also involves identifying commercially available software packages and comparing the performance against that achieved with the developed NIRA software
- Develop procedures to measure the specific contrast and scatter ratios for high energy digital radiography. Radiographic simulation will be used to determine the measurement procedures before experimental application to test samples. These procedures will then help define the optimum IP cassette-screen-filter systems for high energy digital radiography.
- Develop and optimise inspection procedures for the application of high energy CR radiography to thick section components. This work will involve optimising the radiographic procedures for both single-IP and multi-IP CR techniques and comparing their performance with conventional film radiography to validate the new procedures. The comparison will be based on defect detection, image quality achieved and functionality testing of thick section components.
- The technique development work scope will include a number of written procedures for the application of CR radiography for both functional testing of thick section components and weld inspection for the detection of in-service defects. The procedures will specifically cover the following:
(a) weld radiography for thick section welds
(b) depth sizing of flaws in double wall inspection (eg large area corrosion)
(c) sizing of flaws and wall thickness measurements with tangential radiographic technique
(d) functionality testing for the assessment of component internals such as pumps, valves etc.
- Perform field trials and apply the newly developed high energy CR procedures on selected components in a power station. The aim is to prove the applicability and efficiency of the developed procedures for mobile measurements in a power station.
- Disseminate and exploit the results of the HEDRAD project using a range of materials and media channels. The dissemination materials will help distribute the project results (and techniques) as widely as possible within the target industries of oil and gas, petrochemical and power generation and to maximise exploitation opportunities for the SME providers. The dissemination materials will include: multiple scientific publications, a product information sheet, magazine article, product brochure, and a EuroNews documentary plus DVD.
Project results:
The main S&T results / foregrounds
WP1 - Design and produce samples containing defects and system specification
WP objectives
- To design and produce a set of test specimens containing a variety of representative known defects, including worst case (i.e. most difficult to detect)
- Produce equipment, functional, and technical specifications for CR system.
Overall progress
The objectives set out for this workpackage have been achieved and the workpackage is now 100 % complete. However, the signed consortium and grant agreements were delayed by three months, and this caused delays to the technical progress in the workpackage, particularly D1.4 which required input from BAM. BAM had limited involvement in the project until the grant agreement had been signed. All workpackage deliverables have now been completed; the project website has been set up, the thick section components have been designed and manufactured, and the CR system specifications have been reported.
Task 1.1 - Produce specification document
Samples were procured that suit the experiments to be carried out during the project. In order to avoid any confusion with results obtained during the project, only a few samples have been produced, three welded samples with artificial flaws and a heavy wall component collected from the power industry.
The three thick welded test samples are 100 mm, 130 mm and 150 mm thick and were specially manufactured with known defects. These samples were made from carbon steel in order to meet the maximum applications available on the market. The defects introduced into the welded samples match a range of common flaws usually occurring during the welding process or in-service. The defects introduced include; porosity, toe crack, lack of side wall fusion, centre line crack, toe cap crack. The welded samples also had contrast gauges manufactured into the parent material to enable performance measurements.
The heavy wall test piece is representative of components found on inspection sites in the power generation industry. Specifically, the component was an Auxiliary Water Cooling Pump supplied by Eon. The thick section water pump was chosen for the functionality testing to be performed during the field trials in WP4.
Produce technical and functional specifications for CR system
A document was produced defining the technical and functional requirements of the CR system to be developed in the HEDRAD project. The relevant partners agreed on the requirements that covered several different inter-dependent components; the CR scanner, cassette, imaging plates, digital image software, and the averaging software. The main specifications identified were:
- the CR scanner had to accommodate a range of large IPs;
- the cassette needed to be able to accommodate a maximum of 10 IPs and 11 filters including some side scatter shielding;
- the imaging plates required a good sensitivity to high energy and good resistance to ghost image artefacts;
- the resulting digital images required a scanning resolution of 100 µm for high energy and 50um for medium energy.
It was also determined that the averaging software would need a pixel accurate alignment correction function to adjust all digital images to correctly coordinate the system before averaging.
WP2 - Development of CR system for use at high radiation energies
WP objectives:
- Develop a specialised CR-system for high energy radiography and mobile inspection
- Develop a special cassette design for multi-imaging plate exposures
- Develop software for fusion of the separate digital images of the multi IP technique.
Overall progress
The work package has progressed well and is now 100 % complete. The mobile all weather CR system was ready for the field trials and the prototype multi plate cassette was designed and manufactured in line with the required specifications. The software tool for the pixel accurate alignment and averaging of the digital images has been under continuous development and performance investigations have shown improved results.
Task 2.1 - Selection of the right CR-technology
This work entailed the selection of the most appropriate CR-Technology for mobile inspection by comparison of the technical specifications provided in D1.4. Six CR systems were evaluated in order to select the most suitable system for this project. The main criteria evaluations to enable selection were: imaging plate scanning capacity, spatial resolution, and exposure compatibility.
The trials performed by CIT demonstrated that the DR1400 best fits the required specifications and was a good compromise in terms of performance and adaptability. The DR1400 uses a well known base, allowing CIT to easily apply any modifications required later in the project.
Task 2.2 - Modification of the CR-system
The DR1400 CR system was identified in T2.1 as the most suitable CR technology to meet the project requirements. The imaging plates most suited to high energy radiography have been determined and modified to fit with the prototype multi plate cassette holder to allow the multi IP exposure technique to be applied. Laser cutting of the IPs was required to fit and correctly align them within the multi plate cassette. Water ingress within the cut holes was identified as a potential issue and has been overcome with the use of a protective coating. The selected CR system has also been upgraded to be weather proof and to operate under industrial site conditions.
Task 2.3 - Design and construction of a multi plate cassette
The objective of this task was to design and manufacture a prototype cassette to be used for aligned multiple exposures. The final manufactured cassette was able to hold several different imaging plate sizes, and included a method of ensuring correct and repeatable alignment of the imaging plates and spacers, and incorporated suitable shielding against the effects of backscatter.
To allow for minimum variation in position of the digital imaging plates a set of guide pillars were added to the cassette design. These allow the imaging plates to be positioned to a high level of accuracy and repeatability whilst still allowing them to be easily removed from the cassette for scanning. Because of the guide pillars it was decided that attempting to make the cassette also suitable for 300 x 254 mm digital imaging plates was an unnecessary complication at this stage. With the two sizes having one dimension in common the 200 x 400 mm and 200 x 430 mm plates were selected for the cassette.
New information from BAM also led to a revised construction for the backscatter shield behind the digital imaging plates (DIPs). The latest advice is to use approximately 0.5 mm layer of steel, backed by lead or other suitable material. The guide pillars allowed the use of some method of rear clamping on the backscatter shield. Caps to fit over the pillars and press against the back of the shield were proposed. Provision was made for the full possible thickness variation of plates - from one plate plus a shield to the full complement of 10 plates with spacers plus a shield. Thumbscrews to tighten the rear clamping allow the required ease of access to the stack of plates while providing the necessary positional stability. Some method of reducing Side Scatter penetration was also required. Discussions led to the adoption of 10 mm cross-section steel surrounding the DIPs, also affixed to an additional set of guide pillars. This sits within approximately 1 mm of the DIPs, while still being adjustable to suit different plate dimensions. A photograph of the manufactured cassette is shown in Figure 6.
Task 2.4 - Development of a software tool for image fusion
The development of a software tool was necessary to combine the digital images obtained from the stack of CR plates. The aim of this tool was to combine these digital images, with the correct alignment, and achieve better image quality by lowering the additive noise, thereby exposing more details of interest to the operator. The NIRA fusion software has been continually updated throughout the course of the project (currently on version 4) and shortcomings have been addressed.
Additional development work on the software was also undertaken by TUS after feedback from BAM. It was noted that the NIRA fusion software was having difficulty aligning the images when no sharp edges or contrasting details were present. This was solved by fixing lead alignment markers of a specific shape onto the multi plate cassette so that the software could use them to position the images correctly in the x-y orientation. In addition, a high pass filter step was included in the software to help highlight details within the images.
The NIRA method of combining the images is divided into four stages:
1. high pass filtering step
2. region-of-Interest selection
3. aligning the images (registration step)
4. pixel-wise combination of the images (fusion step).
A region of interest (ROI) selection step was added in which the operator selects a ROI that they wish to focus on. This significantly reduces the required processing time.
The images are aligned by first applying an alignment transform estimation based on some landmark features and then an image warping step is performed based on a form of bilinear interpolation. Following the alignment steps, the images are then combined using a choice of three different fusion methods; either average, minimum, or maximum.
So, the images are combined taking the average, minimum, or maximum of the intensities. The average fusion method produces a fused image with less noise. Computing the Minimum exposes darker details that may not be present on all images like cracks. The maximum fusion method exposes the brighter details like tungsten and lead.
WP3 - Development of CR techniques for thick sections
WP objectives
- Develop new radiographic techniques for high energy radiography
- Establish and validate the limits of detection of these techniques for the various types of defects in the test samples
- Provide written procedures for CR to be used by SMEs.
Overall progress
The technical objectives for this work package have been achieved and the reporting is 100 % complete. The first stage of the task investigated the optimum screen filter combinations for lower energy applications based on the measurement of the scatter ratios and specific contrast. These initial investigations showed that the current measurement procedures would not be applicable for higher energies. Therefore, new measurements procedures were developed for high energies using radiographic simulation software. Based on the results of these investigations a set of optimised procedures were defined for high energy digital radiography of thick section components.
Task 3.1 - Development of measurement procedure for scatter ratios and attenuation coefficients to determine accurate specific contrast values for Ir-192, Co-60 and Betatron (4 - 8 MV) in comparison to film
Procedures for the measurement of attenuation coefficients and scatter ratios were initially established for low energy X-rays and Ir-192. These measurement procedures were applied to both CR technology and conventional film for comparison. The initial investigations helped conclude that the measurement procedures established in this task could not be used for higher energy applications. Therefore, new measurement procedures were developed for high energies using radiographic simulation software. In this investigation several experimental setups were explored to achieve results with sufficient accuracy.
Task 3.2 - Maximise the specific contrast for CR by variation of front and back screens and filters for Ir-192, Co-60 and Betatron
The measurement procedures for the specific contrast and scatter ratios were used to find the optimum screen / filter combination and maximise the image quality for high energy applications. The measurement of the image quality also included industry standard image quality indicators (IQIs) and the duplex wire type used in digital radiography.
In summary, the task at hand was to maximise attenuation coefficient µ and to minimise scatter ratio k with the front screens or intermediate front filters used. Front screens of 0.6 mm - 1.6 mm thickness optimised the attenuation coefficient for high energy levels of 2.5 MeV - 7.5 MeV and ST-VI imaging plates. Lead front screens are reasonable to use since the attenuation coefficient is highest at 2.5 MeV or does not increase any longer. The internal scatter ration (ISR) is also reduced by increasing the thickness of the lead screen to 2.6 mm.
However, lead impairs image quality for films and declines the attenuation coefficient, as also indicated in the EN 444 standard which recommends steel and copper screens as front screens for testing class B. In the energy range from 5 MeV to 7.5 MeV, scatter ratio k has a lower limiting value for filter thicknesses greater than 1.6mm and it does not change significantly at these filter thicknesses. Lead greatly reduces the scattered radiation for STVI imaging plates, while radiographs show an increase of scattered radiation.
In conclusion, it has been found that 0.6 mm - 0.8 mm thick Cu and Fe screens are optimal between the IPs in multilayer applications. To reduce scattered radiation 1.6 - 2.6 mm thick Pb or Sn screens should be used as front screens (intermediate filters).
Task 3.3 - Trials and procedures optimisation
This task specifically relates to the optimisation of the design of the multi-plate cassette (T2.3). The performance and functionality of the manufactured cassette was re-addressed once the IP stack variables had been defined from T3.2. Practical issues such as the weight of the cassette and handling of the metal screens were considered as well time efficiency.
Task 3.4 - Develop written procedures, guidelines and 'best practice' instructions
Based on the results of the investigations in T3.1 T3.2 and T3.3 a procedure was defined for high energy computed radiographic (CR) testing above 1 MeV (using Betatrons) for the volumetric examination of large scale components. This procedure includes both single-IP guidelines and multi-IP techniques using the NIRA fusion software and is specific to the hardware applied in the HEDRAD project. This procedure also covers the multiple inspection areas as specified in the DoW:
a) weld radiography
b) sizing depths of flaws in double wall inspection (eg for large area corrosion and pitting)
c) sizing of flaws and wall thickness measurements with the tangential radiographic technique
d) functionality testing for the assessment of component internals including pumps, valves, vessels, tanks, refinery columns, crackers and distillation vessels.
The research undertaken during the HEDRAD project has helped project partners BAM and CIT submit a number of new European standards for digital radiography. The following draft standards have been submitted for approval:
(1) Draft EN 1435-2 and ISO 17636-2: Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 2: X- and gamma ray techniques with digital detectors
(2) Draft EN 14784-2, ISO and ISO 16371: Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays
(3) CEN/TC 138, WI 00138157: Non-destructive testing - Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays - Double wall radiographic inspection
(4) CEN/TC 138, WI 00138156: Non-destructive testing - Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays - Tangential radiographic inspection
WP4 - Laboratory and field validation trials
WP objectives
- Laboratory test measurements with film and imaging plates to validate the developed procedures in comparison to the traditional film technique and economic efficiency.
- Validate and establish the limits of detection sensitivity of these techniques for the various types of defects and structures in the test samples.
- Field trials to prove the applicability and efficiency in an industrial plant (power station).
Overall progress
This work package focused on the validation of the CR procedures developed in WP3 and is 100 % complete. Both single-IP and multi-IP techniques were compared with conventional film to evaluate the performance of the new procedures. The performance of each technique was first compared using laboratory measurements of the welded test samples manufactured in WP1. These samples had known manufactured defects which allowed defect detection to be compared in conjunction with ISO approved image quality indicators (IQIs). The final task in this work package required the newly developed CR procedures to be applied to selected components in a power station. This extended the validation of the procedures by assessing their applicability and efficiency for functionality testing of thick section components in a power station.
Task 4.1 - Measurement of the test specimen by film for comparison with CR
The welded test samples manufactured in T1.1 were used for the comparison between film and CR. Deliverable D4.1 reports the results obtained for the 130 mm thick sample. Multiple film exposures of the test piece using different parameters were acquired at BAM's laboratory. The optimum exposure conditions in terms of image quality and efficiency were found to be using D7 film and the 7.5 MeV Betatron (see D4.1 for full parameters).
Task 4.2 Measurement of the test specimen by CR corresponding to the new procedures
The 130 mm welded test sample was inspected using both single IP and multi-IP CR procedures determined in WP3. The multi-IP images were fused using the NIRA software and compared with the single-IP and film results.
Task 4.3 - Evaluation of image quality and efficiency by comparison of film and CR results
In this task, the performance of the developed CR procedures (single-IP and multi-IP) was evaluated in terms of radiographic sensitivity, defect detectability and efficiency. These results were validated by comparing them with those obtained using conventional film. The performance of each technique was compared using the welded test samples with known manufactured defects and image quality indicators (IQIs) in conjunction with the relevant ISO standard.
The main difference between the film results and those obtained using the fused multi-IP was the significant improvement in the SNR. The multi-IP technique had an SNR nearly 1.8x greater than that obtained using film. This improvement in SNR, plus the huge reduction in exposure times (10.4 min compared to 27 min for film), are the main benefits of the developed multi-IP procedure.
A potential drawback of the developed multi-IP technique is the increased image blur due to the accuracy of the alignment function in the NIRA software (deliverable D2.3). However, this did not present a problem as all IQI requirements were met and the defect detection was unaffected with various fine cracks detected.
Task 4.4 - Mobile measurements of selected components in a power station for functionality
The field trials applied the high energy radiographic procedures developed in WP2 and WP3 to selected components in a power station. The power station cannot be named for security reasons. The thick section component chosen to conduct the mobile measurements was an auxiliary cool water pump. The performance of the HEDRAD CR procedures (single and multi-IP) was compared with conventional film for efficiency and functional testing of such components.
A special request was made by the radiation protection supervisor (RPS) that no increased radiation be allowed to reach the monitoring sensors on the outer regions of the designated area. This was specified as the reactor plant would be active during the operation of the Betatron.
An automatic film processing unit was installed by BIS for the comparative measurements between conventional film and CR. The electronic image processing was performed by BAM in an adjacent building.
The auxiliary cool water pump chosen as the test sample is a compact structure of which the pump impellers and the mechanical connection to the motor need to be examined. Two positions were chosen for functionality testing; the rotor and the stuffing box.
The 7.5MeV Betatron was placed within a 5 mm lead enclosure to protect against object scatter. Large stacks of concrete stones were also placed behind the component, directly in front of the X-ray beam, to act as shielding from the primary radiation.
Based on the field trial results, the end users (BIS and Eon) concluded that the HEDRAD high energy procedures were suitable for functional testing of complex systems in the built or assembled state. The economic benefit can be drawn from the reduced exposure times offered by the HEDRAD system compared with conventional film. The main commercial advantage of high energy inspection is given when comparing the cost of dismantling with increased operating loss (still stand costs, etc.). The tables below show that the cost of dismantling a water pump to examine its internal mechanisms far exceeds the cost of using the HEDRAD system for radiographic inspection.
The end users acknowledged that the fusion software needs to be refined to improve the detail recognition when applying the multi-IP technique. It should be noted that, since the field trials, a revised version of the NIRA fusion software (version 4.0) has been completed with an improved alignment functions to reduce the image blur.
Potential impact:
The potential impact and implications of the project
Energy sector industry requires processes that operate at high pressure and often high temperature. This includes the oil and gas, petrochemical and power generation (both civil nuclear and fossil fuel) businesses. The engineering components used in such processes include pipes, valves, turbine casings, pump bowls, catalytic crackers / reformers; all of which can be made of large section thick materials to withstand the severe pressure and temperature conditions under which they operate. Components in these environments can be prone to in service failure resulting from material degradation mechanisms such as metal fatigue, creep, scale deposit, and corrosion. The failure of such components can be catastrophic in terms of local and district injuries or fatalities as well as both environmental and economic impacts.
The civil nuclear power generation sector also has a serious need for a method of inspecting thick section components for functionality. For instance, large, thick section valves are used by the nuclear power generators on their pressurised water reactor (PWR) and boiling water reactor (BWR) plant. These must be examined periodically by opening and partially dismantling the valve for internal inspection as there is currently no economic, reliable alternative. Technological advances need to be made that will enable the interior of valves (and other thick wall components such as pumps) to be assessed without the need to open them. This should reduce the current three day cycle to only half of a day. A 1000 MW to 1300 MW power station typically inspects 20 valves each year with an estimated loss of revenue, through extended maintenance outage time, of EUR 20million.
Within the European Community there are an estimated 110 refineries; 400 chemical plants; and 10 million kilometres of interconnecting pipelines, transmission pipelines, and other pipe-work that currently can only be examined by manual film radiography. The plant operators, however, are reluctant to use film radiography as it is both lengthy (several hours per exposure in many cases) and hazardous in terms of potential radiation over exposure for the radiographers and other workers at the plant. The majority of the heavy section pipe work, vessels, pumps, and valves in petrochemical plant carry hazardous toxic and/or flammable fluids. Failure of the structural integrity of a critical pipe, vessel, or valve can result in local loss of life, district environmental pollution, and loss of the availability of the revenue earning plant.
The development of accurate and reliable high energy CR techniques for the examination of thick section components will significantly reduce exposure times from hours to minutes resulting in lower personnel dose levels. This will also reduce the radiation risk to outside workers allowing new applications for weld and component inspection.
Project website (see http://www.hedrad.com online)
As part of the HEDRAD project, TWI Ltd hosts a website on behalf of the consortium with the domain name http://www.hedrad.com The purpose of the website is two-fold:
1. A public area for the dissemination of information about the HEDRAD project. A project page provides an introduction to the project. In addition, a contact page on the website provides for specific enquiries to be automatically forwarded to all relevant project partners. Figure 1 shows the homepage of the website as it appears on a standard web browser.
2. A project page provides an overview of the project. As the project advances, it is expected that more information relating to the project activities, including project work descriptions and publications, will be added to the website. An agreement has been made by the consortium that prior to any new information appearing on the website, it is first distributed via CIT Ltd, to all the partners in order for their approval.
Partners have been asked to make links from their websites to the HEDRAD project website in order to improve the ranking of the HEDRAD website in search engines.
Currently the following partners have established links from their company websites:
- TWI
- CIT
- IKH
Due to the project delays the majority of the significant results have not been reported until the end of the project. Therefore, in the near future (i.e. next three months), it is planned to publicise more of the project activities and some of the results onto the website. It should be noted that the content of this would have to be reviewed and agreed by the entire consortium prior to being uploaded.
Finally, it should be noted that the domain name used for the project website has been reserved up to November 2011, with the option to extend beyond this date should the SME partners so decide. Therefore, the website will be usable for dissemination purpose up to nearly a year after the completion of the project and beyond. This will enable the consortium to publicise the results obtained and research carried out during the work programme.
Significant progress has been made to meet the objectives of the HEDRAD project. The most applicable computed radiography (CR) scanner has been identified and modified for mobile site inspection. A multi-plate cassette holder has been designed and manufactured that can be used for the multi IP exposure technique and a novel data fusion software (NIRA) has been developed to merge and align the images taken from the multi IP stack.
These deliverables have been continuously improved to optimise the equipment for on-site use. For example, the NIRA fusion software was having difficulty aligning the images when no sharp edges or contrasting details were present. This was solved by fixing lead alignment markers of a specific shape onto the multi plate cassette so that the software could use them to position the images correctly in the x-y orientation. In addition, a high pass filter step was included in the software to help highlight details within the images. It has been shown that averaging four images increases the SNR by two (compared to a single IP image). In WP3, measurement procedures for specific contrast and scatter ratios were determined to help define the optimum IP cassette-screen-filter systems for high energy radiography. Based on the results of these investigations a set of procedures were defined for high energy digital radiography applications. These CR procedures included both single-IP guidelines and multi-IP techniques using the NIRA fusion software. This aspect of the research also helped contribute to numerous ISO standards on digital radiography being submitted during the course of the project.
The performance of these high energy procedures was compared with conventional film radiography in WP4. The comparison was based on defect detection, image quality achieved and functionality testing of thick section components. For the majority of measurements, the CR techniques using the high energy Betatron complied with the image quality requirements set out in ISO-17636 for Class B testing. The main benefit of the CR techniques was the reduced exposure time for heavy wall inspection; up to 60 % saving compared to conventional film radiography. For the field trials, the developed procedures were applied to functional testing of thick section components at an operational power station. Based on the results of the field tests, the end-users observed that the high energy radiographic procedures were sufficient for examining in-service integrated components for functionality.
Project context and objectives:
Digital industrial radiography in the energy sector is generally limited to internal pipe and vessel corrosion detection in service. Large, medium, and thick section component welds as well as base materials are either film radiographed or ultrasonically tested if it is possible to do so. Film radiography requires a multitude of very lengthy exposures (often taking hours of exposure), whereas ultrasonic testing is time consuming and is of limited value on castings and austenitic welds due to the high scattering effects of the ultrasonic beam. Computed Radiography (CR) offers the potential of fast and efficient radiography to overcome these problems.
If suitable CR techniques can be developed to examine medium and thick section large components, radiographic exposure times can be significantly reduced from hours to minutes, resulting in lower personnel doses. Lower radiation levels can be used which improves image quality and reduces the risk to outside workers. New applications (e.g. cast pump bowls and their internals, large valves and their internals, cast pipe bends and austenitic thick section pressure pipe welds) for weld and component inspection in the target industries can result. However, the development of CR into these important energy industry sectors is constrained by the inability of most CR detectors to operate reliably at the very high radiation levels required for heavy wall components.
The main objective of the HEDRAD project was to develop a new generation of digital computed radiographic (CR) system and procedures to meet the stringent defect detectability and functional test requirements in critical thick section components and welds. The developed system and procedures will permit new applications of on-site digital radiography by extending the range of energy levels that can currently be applied to phosphor imaging plate detectors. The target components are those used in demanding high pressure and high temperature applications within the oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation industries (both nuclear and fossil fuel).
The specific technical objectives of the HEDRAD projects are as follows:
- Develop a specialised CR scanner system for mobile on site inspection capable of operating at high energy radiation. This work will entail the selection of the appropriate CR technology for mobile inspection and to develop this into a prototype all weather CR system to be used with specialised IPs for high energy radiography.
- Design and fabricate a multi imaging plate cassette holder to be used for the multiple exposure technique. The design will be suitable for several different imaging plate sizes, and include a method of ensuring correct and repeatable alignment of the imaging plates and spacers. It must also incorporate suitable shielding against backscatter effects.
- Development of a data fusion software tool that could provide pixel accurate averaging of the digital CR images and have the ability to adjust each image to the correct specified co-ordinate system. The development of a software tool is necessary to combine the digital images obtained from the stack of CR plates. The aim of this tool is to combine digital images with the correct alignment and achieve better image quality by lowering the additive noise and to expose more details of interest to the operator. This work also involves identifying commercially available software packages and comparing the performance against that achieved with the developed NIRA software
- Develop procedures to measure the specific contrast and scatter ratios for high energy digital radiography. Radiographic simulation will be used to determine the measurement procedures before experimental application to test samples. These procedures will then help define the optimum IP cassette-screen-filter systems for high energy digital radiography.
- Develop and optimise inspection procedures for the application of high energy CR radiography to thick section components. This work will involve optimising the radiographic procedures for both single-IP and multi-IP CR techniques and comparing their performance with conventional film radiography to validate the new procedures. The comparison will be based on defect detection, image quality achieved and functionality testing of thick section components.
- The technique development work scope will include a number of written procedures for the application of CR radiography for both functional testing of thick section components and weld inspection for the detection of in-service defects. The procedures will specifically cover the following:
(a) weld radiography for thick section welds
(b) depth sizing of flaws in double wall inspection (eg large area corrosion)
(c) sizing of flaws and wall thickness measurements with tangential radiographic technique
(d) functionality testing for the assessment of component internals such as pumps, valves etc.
- Perform field trials and apply the newly developed high energy CR procedures on selected components in a power station. The aim is to prove the applicability and efficiency of the developed procedures for mobile measurements in a power station.
- Disseminate and exploit the results of the HEDRAD project using a range of materials and media channels. The dissemination materials will help distribute the project results (and techniques) as widely as possible within the target industries of oil and gas, petrochemical and power generation and to maximise exploitation opportunities for the SME providers. The dissemination materials will include: multiple scientific publications, a product information sheet, magazine article, product brochure, and a EuroNews documentary plus DVD.
Project results:
The main S&T results / foregrounds
WP1 - Design and produce samples containing defects and system specification
WP objectives
- To design and produce a set of test specimens containing a variety of representative known defects, including worst case (i.e. most difficult to detect)
- Produce equipment, functional, and technical specifications for CR system.
Overall progress
The objectives set out for this workpackage have been achieved and the workpackage is now 100 % complete. However, the signed consortium and grant agreements were delayed by three months, and this caused delays to the technical progress in the workpackage, particularly D1.4 which required input from BAM. BAM had limited involvement in the project until the grant agreement had been signed. All workpackage deliverables have now been completed; the project website has been set up, the thick section components have been designed and manufactured, and the CR system specifications have been reported.
Task 1.1 - Produce specification document
Samples were procured that suit the experiments to be carried out during the project. In order to avoid any confusion with results obtained during the project, only a few samples have been produced, three welded samples with artificial flaws and a heavy wall component collected from the power industry.
The three thick welded test samples are 100 mm, 130 mm and 150 mm thick and were specially manufactured with known defects. These samples were made from carbon steel in order to meet the maximum applications available on the market. The defects introduced into the welded samples match a range of common flaws usually occurring during the welding process or in-service. The defects introduced include; porosity, toe crack, lack of side wall fusion, centre line crack, toe cap crack. The welded samples also had contrast gauges manufactured into the parent material to enable performance measurements.
The heavy wall test piece is representative of components found on inspection sites in the power generation industry. Specifically, the component was an Auxiliary Water Cooling Pump supplied by Eon. The thick section water pump was chosen for the functionality testing to be performed during the field trials in WP4.
Produce technical and functional specifications for CR system
A document was produced defining the technical and functional requirements of the CR system to be developed in the HEDRAD project. The relevant partners agreed on the requirements that covered several different inter-dependent components; the CR scanner, cassette, imaging plates, digital image software, and the averaging software. The main specifications identified were:
- the CR scanner had to accommodate a range of large IPs;
- the cassette needed to be able to accommodate a maximum of 10 IPs and 11 filters including some side scatter shielding;
- the imaging plates required a good sensitivity to high energy and good resistance to ghost image artefacts;
- the resulting digital images required a scanning resolution of 100 µm for high energy and 50um for medium energy.
It was also determined that the averaging software would need a pixel accurate alignment correction function to adjust all digital images to correctly coordinate the system before averaging.
WP2 - Development of CR system for use at high radiation energies
WP objectives:
- Develop a specialised CR-system for high energy radiography and mobile inspection
- Develop a special cassette design for multi-imaging plate exposures
- Develop software for fusion of the separate digital images of the multi IP technique.
Overall progress
The work package has progressed well and is now 100 % complete. The mobile all weather CR system was ready for the field trials and the prototype multi plate cassette was designed and manufactured in line with the required specifications. The software tool for the pixel accurate alignment and averaging of the digital images has been under continuous development and performance investigations have shown improved results.
Task 2.1 - Selection of the right CR-technology
This work entailed the selection of the most appropriate CR-Technology for mobile inspection by comparison of the technical specifications provided in D1.4. Six CR systems were evaluated in order to select the most suitable system for this project. The main criteria evaluations to enable selection were: imaging plate scanning capacity, spatial resolution, and exposure compatibility.
The trials performed by CIT demonstrated that the DR1400 best fits the required specifications and was a good compromise in terms of performance and adaptability. The DR1400 uses a well known base, allowing CIT to easily apply any modifications required later in the project.
Task 2.2 - Modification of the CR-system
The DR1400 CR system was identified in T2.1 as the most suitable CR technology to meet the project requirements. The imaging plates most suited to high energy radiography have been determined and modified to fit with the prototype multi plate cassette holder to allow the multi IP exposure technique to be applied. Laser cutting of the IPs was required to fit and correctly align them within the multi plate cassette. Water ingress within the cut holes was identified as a potential issue and has been overcome with the use of a protective coating. The selected CR system has also been upgraded to be weather proof and to operate under industrial site conditions.
Task 2.3 - Design and construction of a multi plate cassette
The objective of this task was to design and manufacture a prototype cassette to be used for aligned multiple exposures. The final manufactured cassette was able to hold several different imaging plate sizes, and included a method of ensuring correct and repeatable alignment of the imaging plates and spacers, and incorporated suitable shielding against the effects of backscatter.
To allow for minimum variation in position of the digital imaging plates a set of guide pillars were added to the cassette design. These allow the imaging plates to be positioned to a high level of accuracy and repeatability whilst still allowing them to be easily removed from the cassette for scanning. Because of the guide pillars it was decided that attempting to make the cassette also suitable for 300 x 254 mm digital imaging plates was an unnecessary complication at this stage. With the two sizes having one dimension in common the 200 x 400 mm and 200 x 430 mm plates were selected for the cassette.
New information from BAM also led to a revised construction for the backscatter shield behind the digital imaging plates (DIPs). The latest advice is to use approximately 0.5 mm layer of steel, backed by lead or other suitable material. The guide pillars allowed the use of some method of rear clamping on the backscatter shield. Caps to fit over the pillars and press against the back of the shield were proposed. Provision was made for the full possible thickness variation of plates - from one plate plus a shield to the full complement of 10 plates with spacers plus a shield. Thumbscrews to tighten the rear clamping allow the required ease of access to the stack of plates while providing the necessary positional stability. Some method of reducing Side Scatter penetration was also required. Discussions led to the adoption of 10 mm cross-section steel surrounding the DIPs, also affixed to an additional set of guide pillars. This sits within approximately 1 mm of the DIPs, while still being adjustable to suit different plate dimensions. A photograph of the manufactured cassette is shown in Figure 6.
Task 2.4 - Development of a software tool for image fusion
The development of a software tool was necessary to combine the digital images obtained from the stack of CR plates. The aim of this tool was to combine these digital images, with the correct alignment, and achieve better image quality by lowering the additive noise, thereby exposing more details of interest to the operator. The NIRA fusion software has been continually updated throughout the course of the project (currently on version 4) and shortcomings have been addressed.
Additional development work on the software was also undertaken by TUS after feedback from BAM. It was noted that the NIRA fusion software was having difficulty aligning the images when no sharp edges or contrasting details were present. This was solved by fixing lead alignment markers of a specific shape onto the multi plate cassette so that the software could use them to position the images correctly in the x-y orientation. In addition, a high pass filter step was included in the software to help highlight details within the images.
The NIRA method of combining the images is divided into four stages:
1. high pass filtering step
2. region-of-Interest selection
3. aligning the images (registration step)
4. pixel-wise combination of the images (fusion step).
A region of interest (ROI) selection step was added in which the operator selects a ROI that they wish to focus on. This significantly reduces the required processing time.
The images are aligned by first applying an alignment transform estimation based on some landmark features and then an image warping step is performed based on a form of bilinear interpolation. Following the alignment steps, the images are then combined using a choice of three different fusion methods; either average, minimum, or maximum.
So, the images are combined taking the average, minimum, or maximum of the intensities. The average fusion method produces a fused image with less noise. Computing the Minimum exposes darker details that may not be present on all images like cracks. The maximum fusion method exposes the brighter details like tungsten and lead.
WP3 - Development of CR techniques for thick sections
WP objectives
- Develop new radiographic techniques for high energy radiography
- Establish and validate the limits of detection of these techniques for the various types of defects in the test samples
- Provide written procedures for CR to be used by SMEs.
Overall progress
The technical objectives for this work package have been achieved and the reporting is 100 % complete. The first stage of the task investigated the optimum screen filter combinations for lower energy applications based on the measurement of the scatter ratios and specific contrast. These initial investigations showed that the current measurement procedures would not be applicable for higher energies. Therefore, new measurements procedures were developed for high energies using radiographic simulation software. Based on the results of these investigations a set of optimised procedures were defined for high energy digital radiography of thick section components.
Task 3.1 - Development of measurement procedure for scatter ratios and attenuation coefficients to determine accurate specific contrast values for Ir-192, Co-60 and Betatron (4 - 8 MV) in comparison to film
Procedures for the measurement of attenuation coefficients and scatter ratios were initially established for low energy X-rays and Ir-192. These measurement procedures were applied to both CR technology and conventional film for comparison. The initial investigations helped conclude that the measurement procedures established in this task could not be used for higher energy applications. Therefore, new measurement procedures were developed for high energies using radiographic simulation software. In this investigation several experimental setups were explored to achieve results with sufficient accuracy.
Task 3.2 - Maximise the specific contrast for CR by variation of front and back screens and filters for Ir-192, Co-60 and Betatron
The measurement procedures for the specific contrast and scatter ratios were used to find the optimum screen / filter combination and maximise the image quality for high energy applications. The measurement of the image quality also included industry standard image quality indicators (IQIs) and the duplex wire type used in digital radiography.
In summary, the task at hand was to maximise attenuation coefficient µ and to minimise scatter ratio k with the front screens or intermediate front filters used. Front screens of 0.6 mm - 1.6 mm thickness optimised the attenuation coefficient for high energy levels of 2.5 MeV - 7.5 MeV and ST-VI imaging plates. Lead front screens are reasonable to use since the attenuation coefficient is highest at 2.5 MeV or does not increase any longer. The internal scatter ration (ISR) is also reduced by increasing the thickness of the lead screen to 2.6 mm.
However, lead impairs image quality for films and declines the attenuation coefficient, as also indicated in the EN 444 standard which recommends steel and copper screens as front screens for testing class B. In the energy range from 5 MeV to 7.5 MeV, scatter ratio k has a lower limiting value for filter thicknesses greater than 1.6mm and it does not change significantly at these filter thicknesses. Lead greatly reduces the scattered radiation for STVI imaging plates, while radiographs show an increase of scattered radiation.
In conclusion, it has been found that 0.6 mm - 0.8 mm thick Cu and Fe screens are optimal between the IPs in multilayer applications. To reduce scattered radiation 1.6 - 2.6 mm thick Pb or Sn screens should be used as front screens (intermediate filters).
Task 3.3 - Trials and procedures optimisation
This task specifically relates to the optimisation of the design of the multi-plate cassette (T2.3). The performance and functionality of the manufactured cassette was re-addressed once the IP stack variables had been defined from T3.2. Practical issues such as the weight of the cassette and handling of the metal screens were considered as well time efficiency.
Task 3.4 - Develop written procedures, guidelines and 'best practice' instructions
Based on the results of the investigations in T3.1 T3.2 and T3.3 a procedure was defined for high energy computed radiographic (CR) testing above 1 MeV (using Betatrons) for the volumetric examination of large scale components. This procedure includes both single-IP guidelines and multi-IP techniques using the NIRA fusion software and is specific to the hardware applied in the HEDRAD project. This procedure also covers the multiple inspection areas as specified in the DoW:
a) weld radiography
b) sizing depths of flaws in double wall inspection (eg for large area corrosion and pitting)
c) sizing of flaws and wall thickness measurements with the tangential radiographic technique
d) functionality testing for the assessment of component internals including pumps, valves, vessels, tanks, refinery columns, crackers and distillation vessels.
The research undertaken during the HEDRAD project has helped project partners BAM and CIT submit a number of new European standards for digital radiography. The following draft standards have been submitted for approval:
(1) Draft EN 1435-2 and ISO 17636-2: Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 2: X- and gamma ray techniques with digital detectors
(2) Draft EN 14784-2, ISO and ISO 16371: Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays
(3) CEN/TC 138, WI 00138157: Non-destructive testing - Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays - Double wall radiographic inspection
(4) CEN/TC 138, WI 00138156: Non-destructive testing - Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes by X- and gamma rays - Tangential radiographic inspection
WP4 - Laboratory and field validation trials
WP objectives
- Laboratory test measurements with film and imaging plates to validate the developed procedures in comparison to the traditional film technique and economic efficiency.
- Validate and establish the limits of detection sensitivity of these techniques for the various types of defects and structures in the test samples.
- Field trials to prove the applicability and efficiency in an industrial plant (power station).
Overall progress
This work package focused on the validation of the CR procedures developed in WP3 and is 100 % complete. Both single-IP and multi-IP techniques were compared with conventional film to evaluate the performance of the new procedures. The performance of each technique was first compared using laboratory measurements of the welded test samples manufactured in WP1. These samples had known manufactured defects which allowed defect detection to be compared in conjunction with ISO approved image quality indicators (IQIs). The final task in this work package required the newly developed CR procedures to be applied to selected components in a power station. This extended the validation of the procedures by assessing their applicability and efficiency for functionality testing of thick section components in a power station.
Task 4.1 - Measurement of the test specimen by film for comparison with CR
The welded test samples manufactured in T1.1 were used for the comparison between film and CR. Deliverable D4.1 reports the results obtained for the 130 mm thick sample. Multiple film exposures of the test piece using different parameters were acquired at BAM's laboratory. The optimum exposure conditions in terms of image quality and efficiency were found to be using D7 film and the 7.5 MeV Betatron (see D4.1 for full parameters).
Task 4.2 Measurement of the test specimen by CR corresponding to the new procedures
The 130 mm welded test sample was inspected using both single IP and multi-IP CR procedures determined in WP3. The multi-IP images were fused using the NIRA software and compared with the single-IP and film results.
Task 4.3 - Evaluation of image quality and efficiency by comparison of film and CR results
In this task, the performance of the developed CR procedures (single-IP and multi-IP) was evaluated in terms of radiographic sensitivity, defect detectability and efficiency. These results were validated by comparing them with those obtained using conventional film. The performance of each technique was compared using the welded test samples with known manufactured defects and image quality indicators (IQIs) in conjunction with the relevant ISO standard.
The main difference between the film results and those obtained using the fused multi-IP was the significant improvement in the SNR. The multi-IP technique had an SNR nearly 1.8x greater than that obtained using film. This improvement in SNR, plus the huge reduction in exposure times (10.4 min compared to 27 min for film), are the main benefits of the developed multi-IP procedure.
A potential drawback of the developed multi-IP technique is the increased image blur due to the accuracy of the alignment function in the NIRA software (deliverable D2.3). However, this did not present a problem as all IQI requirements were met and the defect detection was unaffected with various fine cracks detected.
Task 4.4 - Mobile measurements of selected components in a power station for functionality
The field trials applied the high energy radiographic procedures developed in WP2 and WP3 to selected components in a power station. The power station cannot be named for security reasons. The thick section component chosen to conduct the mobile measurements was an auxiliary cool water pump. The performance of the HEDRAD CR procedures (single and multi-IP) was compared with conventional film for efficiency and functional testing of such components.
A special request was made by the radiation protection supervisor (RPS) that no increased radiation be allowed to reach the monitoring sensors on the outer regions of the designated area. This was specified as the reactor plant would be active during the operation of the Betatron.
An automatic film processing unit was installed by BIS for the comparative measurements between conventional film and CR. The electronic image processing was performed by BAM in an adjacent building.
The auxiliary cool water pump chosen as the test sample is a compact structure of which the pump impellers and the mechanical connection to the motor need to be examined. Two positions were chosen for functionality testing; the rotor and the stuffing box.
The 7.5MeV Betatron was placed within a 5 mm lead enclosure to protect against object scatter. Large stacks of concrete stones were also placed behind the component, directly in front of the X-ray beam, to act as shielding from the primary radiation.
Based on the field trial results, the end users (BIS and Eon) concluded that the HEDRAD high energy procedures were suitable for functional testing of complex systems in the built or assembled state. The economic benefit can be drawn from the reduced exposure times offered by the HEDRAD system compared with conventional film. The main commercial advantage of high energy inspection is given when comparing the cost of dismantling with increased operating loss (still stand costs, etc.). The tables below show that the cost of dismantling a water pump to examine its internal mechanisms far exceeds the cost of using the HEDRAD system for radiographic inspection.
The end users acknowledged that the fusion software needs to be refined to improve the detail recognition when applying the multi-IP technique. It should be noted that, since the field trials, a revised version of the NIRA fusion software (version 4.0) has been completed with an improved alignment functions to reduce the image blur.
Potential impact:
The potential impact and implications of the project
Energy sector industry requires processes that operate at high pressure and often high temperature. This includes the oil and gas, petrochemical and power generation (both civil nuclear and fossil fuel) businesses. The engineering components used in such processes include pipes, valves, turbine casings, pump bowls, catalytic crackers / reformers; all of which can be made of large section thick materials to withstand the severe pressure and temperature conditions under which they operate. Components in these environments can be prone to in service failure resulting from material degradation mechanisms such as metal fatigue, creep, scale deposit, and corrosion. The failure of such components can be catastrophic in terms of local and district injuries or fatalities as well as both environmental and economic impacts.
The civil nuclear power generation sector also has a serious need for a method of inspecting thick section components for functionality. For instance, large, thick section valves are used by the nuclear power generators on their pressurised water reactor (PWR) and boiling water reactor (BWR) plant. These must be examined periodically by opening and partially dismantling the valve for internal inspection as there is currently no economic, reliable alternative. Technological advances need to be made that will enable the interior of valves (and other thick wall components such as pumps) to be assessed without the need to open them. This should reduce the current three day cycle to only half of a day. A 1000 MW to 1300 MW power station typically inspects 20 valves each year with an estimated loss of revenue, through extended maintenance outage time, of EUR 20million.
Within the European Community there are an estimated 110 refineries; 400 chemical plants; and 10 million kilometres of interconnecting pipelines, transmission pipelines, and other pipe-work that currently can only be examined by manual film radiography. The plant operators, however, are reluctant to use film radiography as it is both lengthy (several hours per exposure in many cases) and hazardous in terms of potential radiation over exposure for the radiographers and other workers at the plant. The majority of the heavy section pipe work, vessels, pumps, and valves in petrochemical plant carry hazardous toxic and/or flammable fluids. Failure of the structural integrity of a critical pipe, vessel, or valve can result in local loss of life, district environmental pollution, and loss of the availability of the revenue earning plant.
The development of accurate and reliable high energy CR techniques for the examination of thick section components will significantly reduce exposure times from hours to minutes resulting in lower personnel dose levels. This will also reduce the radiation risk to outside workers allowing new applications for weld and component inspection.
Project website (see http://www.hedrad.com online)
As part of the HEDRAD project, TWI Ltd hosts a website on behalf of the consortium with the domain name http://www.hedrad.com The purpose of the website is two-fold:
1. A public area for the dissemination of information about the HEDRAD project. A project page provides an introduction to the project. In addition, a contact page on the website provides for specific enquiries to be automatically forwarded to all relevant project partners. Figure 1 shows the homepage of the website as it appears on a standard web browser.
2. A project page provides an overview of the project. As the project advances, it is expected that more information relating to the project activities, including project work descriptions and publications, will be added to the website. An agreement has been made by the consortium that prior to any new information appearing on the website, it is first distributed via CIT Ltd, to all the partners in order for their approval.
Partners have been asked to make links from their websites to the HEDRAD project website in order to improve the ranking of the HEDRAD website in search engines.
Currently the following partners have established links from their company websites:
- TWI
- CIT
- IKH
Due to the project delays the majority of the significant results have not been reported until the end of the project. Therefore, in the near future (i.e. next three months), it is planned to publicise more of the project activities and some of the results onto the website. It should be noted that the content of this would have to be reviewed and agreed by the entire consortium prior to being uploaded.
Finally, it should be noted that the domain name used for the project website has been reserved up to November 2011, with the option to extend beyond this date should the SME partners so decide. Therefore, the website will be usable for dissemination purpose up to nearly a year after the completion of the project and beyond. This will enable the consortium to publicise the results obtained and research carried out during the work programme.