Descrizione del progetto
La riproduzione clonale attraverso i semi può rafforzare la sicurezza alimentare
L’apomissia, o formazione asessuata del seme, è un modo alternativo alla riproduzione sessuale che alcune piante usano per produrre semi vitali contenenti cloni genetici della pianta madre. Sebbene sia considerato uno strumento promettente per allevatori e agricoltori, l’apomissia non si verifica nella maggior parte delle colture alimentari. Il reindirizzamento delle specie a riproduzione sessuale verso l’apomissia è atteso attraverso la manipolazione dei principali percorsi biologici coinvolti nei programmi di sviluppo che controllano la sessualità. Tuttavia, per fare ciò gli scienziati devono prima chiarire i particolari meccanismi con cui si verifica. Il progetto MAD, finanziato dall’UE, sta creando una rete internazionale di ricerca e formazione per sfruttare la ricchezza di conoscenze e risorse accumulate in numerosi settori multidisciplinari correlati. Sfruttare l’importante potenziale dell’apomissia potrebbe contribuire a far fronte alla sfida della sicurezza alimentare di una popolazione in crescita che deve sostenere le pressioni dovute ai cambiamenti climatici e alle forti esigenze della società in materia di tutela della salute e della biodiversità.
Obiettivo
Apomixis in plants allows the formation of seeds carrying maternal embryos. While absent in major food crops, it occurs in many plants, including wild relatives of cereals and species of economical interest such as forage grasses and fruit trees. This unique reproductive mode can be achieved through many paths, all involving alterations in the orchestration of the developmental programs underlying sexual reproduction. Since it allows the use of a natural carrier, the seed, for propagating the best genotypes regardless of their constitution, apomixis represents a revolutionary tool for plant breeding programs and for reducing the costs of improved variety seeds. Despite wide-cross breeding programs to introduce the trait in cereals and decades of research using both sexual plant models and apomictic species, apomixis remains an enigma for plant biologists and a long-awaited tool by breeders and farmers. Functional analyses in Arabidopsis and maize have provided valuable molecular information to understand sexual reproduction and, occasionally, to explore alterations yielding phenotypes reminiscent of apomixis. On the other hand, the recent advances in « omics » tools and biotechnologies have opened the route for investigating apomictic species at unprecedented, cellular and molecular levels. The MAD (Mechanisms of Apomictic Developments) project will establish an international, research and training network aiming at contributing significantly to our understanding of key mechanisms involved in redirecting sexuality in plants towards apomixis. It bridges critical knowledge and biological resources recently generated by collaborative efforts in the field of apomixis biology, and novel expertise in plant reproductive biology, biotechnology and breeding by aggregating new partners. Through research, training and dissemination actions, the project will clarify the genetic architecture of apomixis and support the deployment of innovative strategies in crop improvement.
Campo scientifico
- agricultural sciencesagriculture, forestry, and fisheriesagriculturehorticulturefruit growing
- agricultural sciencesagriculture, forestry, and fisheriesagricultureindustrial cropsfodder
- agricultural sciencesagriculture, forestry, and fisheriesagricultureagronomyplant breeding
- agricultural sciencesagriculture, forestry, and fisheriesagriculturegrains and oilseedscereals
- natural sciencesbiological sciencesreproductive biology
Parole chiave
Programma(i)
Meccanismo di finanziamento
MSCA-RISE - Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE)Coordinatore
13572 Marseille
Francia