The BIOMET4D project has produced several scientific results that are beyond the state of the art during its first and second reporting periods. This has covered three main areas: multi-material shape-morphing actuators, laser powder bed fusion processing (LPBF) processing of the biodegradable metals magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn), and computational models related to the corrosion of Mg alloys. In particular, new shape-morphing actuators based on multi-material structures have been conceived, designed, and experimentally demonstrated, which has resulted in a patent application. Further, the project has identified reproducible processing parameters for LPBF of Mg and Zn alloys, as well as the combination of Mg and Zn in the same printed specimens. We have shown that parameters, such as the composition and quality of the starting powders, the orientation of samples relative to print direction, and the specific post-processing of the samples, influence the printed samples’ material and mechanical properties, including the degradation behavior and, therefore, their cytocompatibility. Finally, two computational models – an enhanced phenomenological model for surface-based localized corrosion of Mg alloys to more accurately capture spatial and temporal features of localized corrosion and a physically-based model to simulate the corrosion of bioabsorbable metals in environments that resemble biological fluids – have been developed and published in scientific journals. During the remainder of the project, we expect to achieve impactful results related to the development of 4D smart metallic actuators, advanced multi-domain optimization tools, and finally proof-of-concept for two potential clinical applications, craniosynostosis treatment and skin expansion. The ambitious goal of this project is to reach prototype medical devices tested in preclinical animal models. To reach long-term impact as actual products that can be used to treat human patients, significant resources and time beyond the project will be needed to perform further research and advance through clinical trials. On the technical side, this will require follow-up research, testing with end-users, and demonstration in a real-life environment with patients. On the business side, this will require activities such as business plan development, legal advice and intellectual property right (IPR) protection, and a supportive regulatory framework to reach a commercially viable product.
