The project has supported a series of activities aimed at the initial objectives of the project, namely 1) Develop the first fully experimentally-based models of flow and degassing of multiphase volcanic magmas. Major thrusts of the work are in the direction of the development of our understanding of the formation, stability and consequences of the presence of the microlitic and nanolitic crystalline "events" in the evolution of pre-erupted, erupting and post-eruptive magmas and lavas. The late stage degassing of such systems with and without the presence of crystalline generations in these magmas has been extensively experimentally constrained and models developed. The flow of erupting systems has also been extensively investigated and recent eruptions at Hawaii, Iceland and La Palma have been studied experimentally to constrain the evolution of flow during eruption and its possible impact on cessation of eruption and synchrotron-based imaging experiments have been developed. Two major reviews on suspension flow and melt flow respectively have been published. 2 Discover the origins of repetitive elements of eruption via mapping the failure and recovery of magma and their attendant implications for volcanic unrest, cyclicity and eruption forecasting. Here the major achievements have largely concentrated on the characterization of fragmented and welded volcanic products of magma-water eruptions, the volatile contents and textures of such products, the influence of vent geometry, and the development of models for the complex processes of silicic volcanism. Two reviews have been contributed, on fragmentation and sintering of magmas. 3) Understand the physico-chemical dynamics of pyroclast-volatile interactions and their impact on the interactions of volcanic ash and gas in the Earth system. Here the major achievements of the project reach into four major areas of the impact of volcanic ash in the earth system: the influence of volcanic ash on the nucleation of ice in the atmosphere, the impact of volcanic ash on turbine thermal barrier coatings, the control of volcanic emissions on atmospheric CO2 levels over 10s of millions of years, and high temperature SO2 and CO2 ash-gas reactions. The project has also enabled the development of major advances in our understanding of several related material science themes including: rare earth element geochemistry, platinum group element aggregation, carbonate glass synthesis characterisation, and volcanic rock as a substrate for pre-biotic chemistry.
