Periodic Reporting for period 1 - INSTABAT (Innovative physical/virtual sensor platform for battery cell)
Okres sprawozdawczy: 2020-09-01 do 2022-02-28
The increased use of batteries requires their improvement in terms of safety as well as quality, reliability and life (QRL). The EU-funded INSTABAT project aims to observe in operando essential parameters of a Li–ion battery cell to provide higher accuracy states of charge, health, power, energy and safety (SoX) cell indicators. This will improve the batteries' safety and Quality, Reliability and Life (QRL). The project will develop a solution of smart sensing technologies and functionalities integrated into a battery cell. This solution will be able to perform reliable monitoring of key parameters, correlate the evolution of these parameters to the physicochemical degradation phenomena taking place at the battery cell's core and improve the battery's functional performance and safety. This ambition is aligned to the Battery 2030+ roadmap.
To achieve this goal, INSTABAT will develop a proof of concept of smart sensing technologies and functionalities, integrated into a battery cell and capable of:
• performing reliable in operando monitoring (time- and space-resolved) of key parameters (temperature and heat flow; pressure; strain; Li+ concentration and distribution; CO2 concentration; “absolute” impedance, potential and polarisation) by means of:
(i) four embedded physical sensors (optical fibres with Fiber Bragg Grating and luminescence probes, reference electrode and photo-acoustic gas sensor),
(ii) two virtual sensors (based on reduced electro-chemical and thermal models),
• correlating the evolution of these parameters with the physico-chemical degradation phenomena occurring at the heart of the battery cell,
• improving the battery functional performance and safety, thanks to enhanced BMS algorithms providing in real-time higher accuracy SoX cell indicators (taking the measured and estimated parameters into consideration).
The main results will be: (1) a proof of concept of a multi-sensor platform (cell prototype equipped with physical/virtual sensors, and associated BMS algorithms providing SoX cell indicators in real time); (2) demonstration of higher accuracy for SoX cell indicators; (3) demonstration of improvement of cell functional performance and safety through two use cases for EV applications; (4) techno-economic feasibility study (manufacturability, adaptability to other cell technologies...).
To achieve this goal, INSTABAT will develop a proof of concept of smart sensing technologies and functionalities, integrated into a battery cell and capable of:
• performing reliable in operando monitoring (time- and space-resolved) of key parameters (temperature and heat flow; pressure; strain; Li+ concentration and distribution; CO2 concentration; “absolute” impedance, potential and polarisation) by means of:
(i) four embedded physical sensors (optical fibres with Fiber Bragg Grating and luminescence probes, reference electrode and photo-acoustic gas sensor),
(ii) two virtual sensors (based on reduced electro-chemical and thermal models),
• correlating the evolution of these parameters with the physico-chemical degradation phenomena occurring at the heart of the battery cell,
• improving the battery functional performance and safety, thanks to enhanced BMS algorithms providing in real-time higher accuracy SoX cell indicators (taking the measured and estimated parameters into consideration).
The main results will be: (1) a proof of concept of a multi-sensor platform (cell prototype equipped with physical/virtual sensors, and associated BMS algorithms providing SoX cell indicators in real time); (2) demonstration of higher accuracy for SoX cell indicators; (3) demonstration of improvement of cell functional performance and safety through two use cases for EV applications; (4) techno-economic feasibility study (manufacturability, adaptability to other cell technologies...).
During the first period of the project, several of objectives were achieved. Physical sensors development has progressed according to the initial workplan. The development of four of the 5 physical sensors was achieved (WP2): OF-FBG for temperature and pressure measurement, OF-LumT for temperature measurement, PAS-CO2 for CO2 concentration and embedded reference electrode (RE). A Li ion luminescent probe was developed and validated on the electrolyte. The compatibility of these sensors with the cell environment was validated. Cell instrumented with sensors (OF and RE) was tested in cycling conditions. We have demonstrated the capability of these sensors to measure physical parameters inside the cell. The evaluation of accuracy, resolution, sensitivity, response time, frequency/speed of acquisition has been done. A proof of concept of in-operando measurement in cycling condition was achieved during this first period. Currently, only the FBG sensor, the OF-lumT sensor and the reference electrode are at a sufficient stage of development and be integrated without affecting electrochemical performance. However, the optical sensor and reference electrode already provide valuable information for the understanding of chemical degradation phenomena.
Development of the Electrochemical virtual sensor has advanced as planned (D4.1) and initial validation against COMSOL model by CEA (D4.2) is underway with very positive preliminary results. Electrochemical virtual sensors are fully parametrizable for varying resolution. Development of reduced electrochemical model and E-BASE algorithm considering computation time restrictions and modularity in the resolution for the real-time implementation, as well as C code generation and compilation for integration into the real-time platform. First comparisons underway for SoC in simple scenarios for single temperature point and adequate initialization using the electrochemical model (E-BASE) seem to be within the 0.5% of the reference model (CEA 1D+1D electrode model).
A first version of the multi-physics instrumentation platform was developed in WP5 to exploit the sensors signal in real time. A first demonstration of the INSTABAT lab-on-cell concept was achieved with an instrumented cell with RE and OF-LumT sensors in cycling condition at high loading (up to 3C and 4D). Within BIGMAP, an experimental portfolio of complementary techniques is developed towards the implementation of a multimodal and multiscale characterisation platform. In-operando synchrotron experiments were realised and analysed according to BIGMAP standards and protocols on INSTABAT pouch cells instrumented with different types of sensors.
Development of the Electrochemical virtual sensor has advanced as planned (D4.1) and initial validation against COMSOL model by CEA (D4.2) is underway with very positive preliminary results. Electrochemical virtual sensors are fully parametrizable for varying resolution. Development of reduced electrochemical model and E-BASE algorithm considering computation time restrictions and modularity in the resolution for the real-time implementation, as well as C code generation and compilation for integration into the real-time platform. First comparisons underway for SoC in simple scenarios for single temperature point and adequate initialization using the electrochemical model (E-BASE) seem to be within the 0.5% of the reference model (CEA 1D+1D electrode model).
A first version of the multi-physics instrumentation platform was developed in WP5 to exploit the sensors signal in real time. A first demonstration of the INSTABAT lab-on-cell concept was achieved with an instrumented cell with RE and OF-LumT sensors in cycling condition at high loading (up to 3C and 4D). Within BIGMAP, an experimental portfolio of complementary techniques is developed towards the implementation of a multimodal and multiscale characterisation platform. In-operando synchrotron experiments were realised and analysed according to BIGMAP standards and protocols on INSTABAT pouch cells instrumented with different types of sensors.
New non-invasive integrated sensors based on optical fiber, reference electrode and photo-acoustic technologies will be improved/developed and will allow to know in real time the evolution of internal battery key parameters. Virtual sensors, based on improved electro-chemical and thermal reduced models, will bring complementary data allowing a more comprehensive monitoring of the cell. BMS algorithms connecting the outputs of the physical/virtual sensors to battery physics-based models will also be developed to enable an optimised management of battery cells. The consortium also intends to correlate the evolution of physical parameters to cell physico-chemical degradation mechanisms to develop advanced responsive BMS that can significantly optimise the cell performance, lifetime and safety margins associated with cell usage. These correlations will also bring a much better knowledge of the cell in operando internal state, opening opportunities for innovation.
In addition, INSTABAT will innovate by assessing the: (1) number of sensors / measurement points needed and their best positioning to provide measurements with the highest possible quality; (2) impact of the measurements provided by the physical sensors on the accuracy of the virtual sensors; (3) benefits of each physical sensor and measured parameter on the accuracy of the SoX indicators to suggest the best trade-off between the number of physical measures and model accuracy. The gain in accuracy will also be related to the sensors cost, their potential disturbance of the cell functioning and to the manufacturing difficulties.
INSTABAT will contribute to an improvement of performance and strongly force the development of sustainable battery storage solutions for Li-ion batteries at a more competitive price. The “lab-on-a-cell” approach will be used to develop a new generation of Li-ion and post-Li-ion batteries in the future, which is aligned with the objectives of the Work Programme. Moreover, INSTABAT will contribute to a successful mass introduction of batteries for mobility, allowing for substantial improvements leading to an ultra-high performance. The INSTABAT project is also well aligned with the specific impacts set out in the call LC-BAT-13.
In addition, INSTABAT will innovate by assessing the: (1) number of sensors / measurement points needed and their best positioning to provide measurements with the highest possible quality; (2) impact of the measurements provided by the physical sensors on the accuracy of the virtual sensors; (3) benefits of each physical sensor and measured parameter on the accuracy of the SoX indicators to suggest the best trade-off between the number of physical measures and model accuracy. The gain in accuracy will also be related to the sensors cost, their potential disturbance of the cell functioning and to the manufacturing difficulties.
INSTABAT will contribute to an improvement of performance and strongly force the development of sustainable battery storage solutions for Li-ion batteries at a more competitive price. The “lab-on-a-cell” approach will be used to develop a new generation of Li-ion and post-Li-ion batteries in the future, which is aligned with the objectives of the Work Programme. Moreover, INSTABAT will contribute to a successful mass introduction of batteries for mobility, allowing for substantial improvements leading to an ultra-high performance. The INSTABAT project is also well aligned with the specific impacts set out in the call LC-BAT-13.