Cel
The main objective of the DYNAMO (DYnamics through Natural and Antropogenic causes of Marine Organisms; the effects of large scale ecological changes on fish and fisheries) project is to improve our understanding of the natural dynamics of marine ecosystems by collecting, creating and analysing long-term data sets on environmental and ecological parameters. In particular changes in the stocks of marine species of commercial interest, and the relationship of these changes with changes in climate, physical conditions, nutrient cycles and primary production will be studied. Participants of the project are the Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), the Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research (RIVO), GKKS/Max Planck Institute fur Meteorologie (MPI), and the Finnish Institute for Marine Research (FIMR).
Within the Wadden Sea, preliminary analysis of phytoplankton time series revealed that the doubling in biomass coincided with a shift in species composition and biomass. Statistical analysis of the phytoplankton data set revealed that the changes in biomass in Dutch coastal zone coincided with a change in species composition. The biplot results suggested three moments of sudden change, i.e. between 1977 and 1978, between 1987 and 1988, and between 1992 and 1993. The latter change was only observed for the algae in spring. On average, only eight species (or groups of species) together contributed more than three-quarters to the total biomass of phytoplankton in the Marsdiep between 1974 and 1994.
Within the Southeastern North Sea, multivariate analysis of beam trawl surveys showed that there are changes in the both the size structure and the species composition of the demersal fish assemblage. These changes can be attributed among others to the fishing effort. Fishing effort causes a decrease in the abundance of larger fish and affects in particular the commercially important fish species. All surveys showed to a more or lesser degree a general trend in the size structure together with year-to-year fluctuations. The general trend was a shift in the relative distribution of biomass towards the smaller size-classes, probably caused by the fisheries. The year-to-year fluctuations in size structure were to a large extent caused by differences in year-class strength of notably the more abundant species (i.e. dab or plaice). The species composition was also affected by the changes observed in the size structure through the life-history characteristics of the different fish species. For one survey, it was shown that the abundance of species with a large size at maturity decreased while that of species with a small size at maturity increased.
Within the western Wadden Sea, downscaling analysis of fish recruits from one station and North Atlantic sea-level-pressure and surface-air temperature indicated that the climate may have opposite effects on the different fish species. Two time scales have been considered: inter annual and decadal, and it has been found that the statistical relationships seem to be qualitatively different. For estimating climate change by means of statistical models the low frequency variability is more important and therefore the statistical links at those time scales will have to be more specifically investigated with longer time series. These results were in agreement with statistical analysis of variation of fish recruit numbers in the Skagerrak. Here, the observed increase in NAO index coincided with an increase in the coefficient of variation in recruit numbers (CVR; based on subsequent periods of 3 years) of dab and whiting, whilst CVR of flounder decreased. Recruit numbers of cod and poor cod showed no significant linear trend during this period. The observed changes in CVR of dab, whiting and flounder may be explained by a northward shift of the species' range due to climatic change.
In conclusion, preliminary analysis of marine time series revealed that several major changes have occurred in the areas of interest such as changes in abundance and species composition of algae, macrozoobenthos and demersal fish. The observed changes in demersal fish can be explained by both climatic changes and fishing effort, depending on the species and the period within the life-cycle. Variation in recruitment appears to related to natural variation in weather and climates, whilst size structure and the species composition of the adult demersal fish assemblage is also affected by fisheries.
The application of multivariate and downscaling tools to examine relationships between climate variability and changes in marine ecosystems of the Wadden Sea, North Sea and Baltic Sea were discussed during two workshops, i.e. in January and June 1997. In the search for a relationship between climate and fish population in the North Sea, we decided to focus on individual species and key regions that may be important for those species from biological point of view. The explanations for the observed statistical links should be formulated in terms of simple and testable biological or ecological mechanisms that may be then tested either with aimed data sets or in the output of high resolution regional climate models. Hypotheses on the possible relationships between climate variability and possible switches in marine ecosystems were developed during the workshop in October 1997, and will be tested during the coming two years.
Publications
Beukema, J.J. Cadee G.C. (1996) Consequences of the sudden removal of nearly all mussels and cockles from the Dutch Wadden Sea" P.S.Z.N. I: Marine Ecology 17, 279-289
Beukema, J.J. Essink, K., Michaelis, H. (1996) The geographic scale of synchronized fluctuation patterns in zoobenthos populations as a key to underlying factors: climatic or man-induced. ICES J. mar. Sci. 53, 964-971.
Beukema, J.J. (1997) Caloric values of marine invertebrates with an emphasis on the soft parts of marine bivalves. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 35, 387-414.
Beukema, J.J. Cadee G.C. (1997) Local differences in macrozoobenthic response to enhanced food supply caused by mild eutrophication in a Wadden Sea area: food is only locally a limiting factor. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42, 1424-1435.
Dippner, J.W. (1997) SST anomalies in the North Sea in relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation and the influence on the theoretical spawning time of fish. D. Hydrogr. Z., Special issue: 20 years after FLEX '76 Symposium (in press).
Honkoop, P.J.C. Beukema, J.J. (1997) Loss of body mass in winter in three intertidal bivalve species: an experimental and observational study of the interacting effects between water temperature, feeding time and feeding behaviour. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 212, 277-297.
Laine, A.O Sandler H., Andersin A.-B. Stigzelius, J. (1997) Long-term changes of macrozoobenthos in the Eastern Gotland Basin and the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) in relation to the hydrographical regime. J. Sea Res. 38, 135-159.
Meer, J van der (1997) The ideal free distribution when predators differ in competitive abilities. Oikos 80, 301-310.
Meer, J van der (1997) Sampling design of monitoring programmes for marine benthos: a comparison between the use of fixed versus randomly selected stations. J. Sea Res. 37, 167-179.
Meer, J van der, Ens, B.J.(1997) Models of interference and their consequences for the spatial distribution of ideal and free predators. J. Animal Ecol. 66, 846-858.
Honkoop, P.J.C. Meer, J van der (1997) Experimentally induced effects of water temperature and immersion time on reproductive output of bivalves in the Wadden Sea. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. (in press)
Honkoop, P.J.C. Meer, J van der (1997) Reproductive output of Macoma balthica populations in relation to winter-temperature and intertidal-height mediated changes of body mass. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 149, 155-162.
Piet, G.J. Rijnsdorp, A.D. (1997) Changes in the demersal fish assemblage in the south-eastern North Sea following the establishment of a protected area (plaice box. ICES J. Mar. Sci. (in press).
Philippart, C.J.M. (1996) Long-term impact of bottom fisheries on bycatch demersal fish and benthic invertebrate species ICES C.M.1996/ Mini:6.
Philippart, C.J.M (1998) Long-term impact of bottom fisheries on by-catch species of demersal fish and benthic invertebrates. ICES J. mar. Sci. (in press).
Philippart, C.J.M Lindeboom, H.J. Meer, J. van der, van der Veer H.W. Witte J.IJ. (1996) Long-term fluctuations of fish recruits and their environment in the western Wadden Sea. ICES J. mar. Sci. 53, 1120-1129.
Philippart, C.J.M. Henderson, P.A. Johannessen, T., Rijnsdorp, A.D. Rogers, S.I (1998) Latitudinal variation in fish recruits in Northwest Europe. J. Sea Res. (in press).
In 1996 and 1997, long-term data series were collected on climatic, chemical and biological parameters from the Baltic Sea, Wadden Sea and North Sea and stored in data bases. The significance of the relationships between climate, weather and the marine ecosystem variables was tested by means of different statistical multivariate techniques, which were partly adjusted. The restricted Gaussian regression (RGR) techniques appear to be the most adequate to test the significance of these relationships. A Generalized Additive Modelling version of RGR was developed. Currently, these techniques are applied on the data on macrozoobenthos abundances originating from the Balgzand, a intertidal area in the western Wadden Sea, and from the Baltic Sea.
Additional field work was performed in the Baltic Sea with special focus on the macrozoobenthos to examine the long-term fluctuations in relation to large-scale hydrographical variations, linked to climatic fluctuations. During 1996, the Baltic Sea macrozoobenthos database was created to contain data from 1961-1996. In order to complete the data sets and monitor the effects of the 1993-94 major inflows of the North Sea water to the Baltic Sea field sampling was performed also in 1996 and 1997. As sedimentation is considered a key factor structuring zoobenthic communities, by regulating the food supply to the benthic communities, the estimated sedimentation rates, as well as sediment surface C/N-ratios will be tested together with those environmental variables that can be used in long-term studies. Furthermore, the results from the zoobenthos sampling in 1996-97 indicated a deterioration of the communities below the permanent halocline in the Gulf of Finland and the northern Baltic Proper. The deterioration is connected to the decline of oxygen concentrations, caused by the strengthening and upward movement of the halocline due to the inflows in 1993-1994.
To gather insight in variations in marine ecosystems at a long time scale (i.e. 100 to 1000 years), sediment cores were sampled in the North Sea (i.e. Skagerrak, Norwegian Trench, and Heligoland Deep) and the Wadden Sea in May 1996. Initial analysis of these cores showed that the sediment contained remnants of fish (scales and vertebrates), sea urchins (stickles) and shells of ostracods and bivalves. In June 1997, the NIOZ sampled additional sediment cores at several sites in an abandoned channel in the Wadden Sea by means of a recently developed Vibracorer. The Vibracores (and the simultaneously sampled box cores) were dated with Pb210 and remnants of selected organisms are extracted and determined up to species or taxa level. In cooperation with the Department of Sedimentology from University of Utrecht, a pilot-study was started on the observed alternation of sediment layers of different grain size as an index for different sedimentation conditions. Furthermore, the abundance of high densities of shells of gastropods and bivalves appear to be an additional important source of historical information on long-term changes in the Wadden Sea, which will be explored during the following years.
Dziedzina nauki (EuroSciVoc)
Klasyfikacja projektów w serwisie CORDIS opiera się na wielojęzycznej taksonomii EuroSciVoc, obejmującej wszystkie dziedziny nauki, w oparciu o półautomatyczny proces bazujący na technikach przetwarzania języka naturalnego. Więcej informacji: Europejski Słownik Naukowy.
Klasyfikacja projektów w serwisie CORDIS opiera się na wielojęzycznej taksonomii EuroSciVoc, obejmującej wszystkie dziedziny nauki, w oparciu o półautomatyczny proces bazujący na technikach przetwarzania języka naturalnego. Więcej informacji: Europejski Słownik Naukowy.
- nauki przyrodnicze nauki o Ziemi i pokrewne nauki o środowisku geologia sedymentologia
- nauki przyrodnicze nauki biologiczne mikrobiologia fykologia
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Program finansowania (lub „rodzaj działania”) realizowany w ramach programu o wspólnych cechach. Określa zakres finansowania, stawkę zwrotu kosztów, szczegółowe kryteria oceny kwalifikowalności kosztów w celu ich finansowania oraz stosowanie uproszczonych form rozliczania kosztów, takich jak rozliczanie ryczałtowe.
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