Cel
The brown trout (Salmo trutta) has considerable socio-economic importance in many European countries. Effective conservation of brown trout stocks requires knowledge of the phenotypic and genetic diversity present in natural populations. Genetic considerations impinge on management of the species in relation to regulation of sustainable fisheries, supplemental stocking of extant populations, and re-establishment of brown trout in areas where the original populations have been extirpated. A knowledge of the genetic resources available within the species is also essential for development of the brown trout for aquaculture. Much high quality research on brown trout population genetics takes place at the national level within the EU. However, at present there is limited collaboration among research groups in different countries, and little co-ordination of research priorities. The CA aims to improve coordination of the research and provide suggestions for management of genetic resources of the species on a European level. These objectives will be met over the course of two years through an integrated programme of workshops, exchange visits, and questionnaire distribution, and the results of the CA will be available through the World Wide Web.
This concerted action aims to bring together the key laboratories working on population genetics of brown trout in order to co-ordinate the research, harmonise and, to a certain degree, standardise the use of techniques, and review data and results from the studies that have been undertaken so far. In order to fulfil the management goal of successful conservation of genetic resources and re-establishment of trout populations, it is necessary to obtain knowledge about large-scale variation (phylogeography), small-scale variation (local genetic structure), life-history variation (relationship between resident and migratory trout), population history, relationships between ecological and genetic parameters (census population sizes vs. effective population sizes), release strategy (choice of stocking material and numbers and types of spawners, genetic impact of stocking and translocations on native gene pools) and harvesting strategy (allowable catch in relation to abundance and size structure). Also, recent technical developments, for instance analysis of DNA markers obtained from archival samples (scale samples; Nielsen et al., 1997), combined with new theoretical approaches (estimation of effective population sizes; Jorde and Ryman, 1996; inference of patterns of gene flow; Tufto et al., 1996) may lead to further new insights. The present state of knowledge on these topics will be reviewed and specific recommendations for a European strategy for management and exploitation of brown trout genetic resources will be given. The synergistic effects of bringing together European scientists with complementary expertise will have a high priority in the concerted action.
The concerted action started by 1 January 1998 and will end by 31 December 1999. The practical frame of the CA includes a survey of research activities, collection of published and unpublished results, two workshops involving all participants, and exchange of scientists among laboratories in order to increase technology transfer and perform joint data analyses. Databases on available genetic markers and published and unpublished data will be established, and, together with reports and results of surveys, be made available to other scientists, fishery managers and the aquaculture industry on the World Wide Web.
References
Apostolidis A.P. Triantaphyllidis, C. , Kouvatsi, A. and Economidis, P.S. (1997). Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and phylogeography among Salmo trutta L. (Greek brown trout) populations. Molecular Ecology, 6, 531-542.
Bernatchez, L. and Osinov, A.G. (1995). Genetic diversity of trout (genus Salmo) from its most eastern native range based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear gene variation. Molecular Ecology, 4, 285-297.
Estoup A., Presa-Martinez P., Krieg F., Vaiman D., Guyomard R., (1993). (CT)n and (GT)n microsatellites: a new class of genetic markers for Salmo trutta L.(brown trout) . Heredity, 71, 488-496.
Ferguson, A. (1989). Genetic differences among brown trout (Salmo trutta) stocks and their importance for the conservation and management of the species. Freshwater Biology, 21, 35-46.
Ferguson, A. and Taggart, J.B. (1991). Genetic differentiation among the sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations of Lough Melvin, Ireland. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 43, 221-237.
Garcia-Marin J.L. and Pla, C. (1996). Origins and relationships of native populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Spain. Heredity, 76, 313-323.
Giuffra, E., Bernatchez, L. and Guyomard, R. (1994). Mitochondrial control region and protein coding genes sequence variation among phenotypic forms of brown trout Salmo trutta from Northern Italy. Molecular Ecology, 3, 161-172.
Giuffra E., Guyomard R., Forneris G. (1996). Phylogenetic relationships and introgression patterns between incipient parapatric species of Italian brown trout (Salmo trutta L. complex). Molecular Ecology, 5, 207-220.
Gross, R. and Nilsson, J. (1995). Application of heteroduplex analysis for detecting variation within the growth hormone 2 gene in Salmo trutta L. (brown trout). Heredity, 74, 286-295.
Hansen, M.M. & Loeschcke, V. (1996). Genetic differentiation among Danish brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations, as detected by RFLP analysis of PCR amplified mitochondrial DNA segments. Journal of Fish Biology, 48, 422-436.
Hindar, K., Ryman, N. and Utter, F.M. (1991a). Genetic effects of cultured fish on natural fish populations. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 48, 945-957.
Jorde, P.E. and Ryman, N. (1996). Demographic genetics of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and estimation of effective population size from temporal change of allele frequencies. Genetics, 143, 1369-1381.
Krieg, F., Quillet, E. and Chevassus, B. (1992). Brown trout, Salmo trutta L: A new species for intensive marine aquaculture. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 23, 557-566.
Largiader, C.R. and Scholl, A., (1996). Genetic introgression between native and introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations in The Rhone River Basin. Molecular Ecology, 5, 417-426.
Nielsen, E.E. Hansen, M.M. and Loeschcke, V. (1997). Analysis of microsatellite DNA from old scale samples of Atlantic salmon: A comparison of genetic composition over sixty years. Molecular Ecology, 6, 487-492.
Prodohl, P.A. Taggart, J.B. and Ferguson, A. (1996). A panel of minisatellite (VNTR) DNA locus specific probes for potential application to problems in salmonid aquaculture. Aquaculture 137, 87-97.
Ryman, N., Allendorf, F.W. and Stahl, G. (1979). Reproductive isolation with little genetic divergence in sympatric populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Genetics, 92, 247-262.
Tufto, J., Engen, S. and Hindar, K. (1996). Inferring patterns of migration from gene frequencies under equilibrium conditions. Genetics, 144, 1911-1921
INTRODUCTION
The brown trout is a species of tremendous importance in commercial and sport fisheries in several countries of the EU. Thus, it is a species of large socio-economic importance, especially in less industrialised regions of the EU where angling for brown trout is a cornerstone in maintaining and developing a tourist industry. In addition, research results have demonstrated that there is a large potential for industrial rearing of this species in aquaculture (Krieg et al., 1992). A number of studies have shown that the brown trout exhibits very strong population subdivision (reviewed by Ferguson, 1989). On a large geographical scale several genetically distinct evolutionary lineages have been identified (e.g. Bernatchez et al, 1992; Giuffra et al., 1994, 1996; Garcia-Marin and Pla, 1996) but also within smaller geographical regions pronounced genetic differentiation may be present (e.g. Ryman et al., 1979; Ferguson and Taggart, 1991; Hansen and Loeschcke, 1996; Apostolidis et al., 1997). Presently, a large number of trout populations must be considered endangered due to environmental degradation and management procedures involving stocking of domesticated trout into wild populations which is likely to compromise the integrity of indigenous gene pools (e.g. Hindar et al., 1991a; Largiader and Scholl, 1996). It is necessary to conserve many populations of brown trout, both on a large and small geographical scale, in order to maintain a wide range of genetic resources available to rearing of the species in aquaculture. Also, populations may be locally adapted, and therefore it may be difficult to establish new populations in areas where indigenous populations have been extirpated. It is evident from the scientific literature that a lot of high quality research on brown trout population genetics takes place at the national level in many European countries. However, there is little communication among the groups, virtually no co-ordination of the research, and while a number of very useful molecular markers have been developed (e.g. Estoup et al., 1993; Prodohl et al., 1996; Gross and Nilsson, 1995) only little transfer of technology takes place among laboratories.
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Klasyfikacja projektów w serwisie CORDIS opiera się na wielojęzycznej taksonomii EuroSciVoc, obejmującej wszystkie dziedziny nauki, w oparciu o półautomatyczny proces bazujący na technikach przetwarzania języka naturalnego. Więcej informacji: Europejski Słownik Naukowy.
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Program finansowania (lub „rodzaj działania”) realizowany w ramach programu o wspólnych cechach. Określa zakres finansowania, stawkę zwrotu kosztów, szczegółowe kryteria oceny kwalifikowalności kosztów w celu ich finansowania oraz stosowanie uproszczonych form rozliczania kosztów, takich jak rozliczanie ryczałtowe.
Koordynator
SILKEBORG
Dania
Ogół kosztów poniesionych przez organizację w związku z uczestnictwem w projekcie. Obejmuje koszty bezpośrednie i pośrednie. Kwota stanowi część całkowitego budżetu projektu.