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More then 3000 serum samples were collected from blood donors, chronic hepatitis patients and some other groups of chronically infected individuals, in different parts of the former Soviet Union. These samples were tested for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV). The experiments conducted demonstrated different endemicity of these new independent states with regard to HCV infection. Thus, established prevalence rates of anti-HCV in blood donors were 1.1-2.2% in different parts of Russia, 1.5% in Belarus and 6.7% in Moldova, significantly higher than those in the Western countries suggesting that the former areas should be considered as areas highly endemic for HCV infection. Anti-HCV positive samples were tested by diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and all positive probes were subjected to genotyping by DNA enzyme immunoassay (DEIA) and/or PCR with type-specific primers. Overall 197 HCV isolates collected in Russia, Belarus, Moldova and Uzbekistan were typed. Only three major HCV genotypes were identified in this study population. HCV lb was found to be the predominant virus type both among blood donors and chronic hepatitis patients, followed by 3a, 2a, and la. No significant difference in genotype distribution was observed between different countries or between blood donors and chronic hepatitis patients within the same country. Results of the genotyping procedures were confirmed by direct sequencing of 216 nucleotide PCR fragments corresponding to part of HCV core gene. Phylogenetic analysis of HCV 1 b sequences demonstrated that the sequences from the former Soviet Union do not form evolutionary lineage(s) different from those of strains of the same subtype but circulating in other geographical regions. No evidence was found for the existence of hybrid viruses from recombination. These results suggest that recombination of HCV is a very rare event and validate the general principle of most genotyping procedures, namely, a comparative analysis of only partial sequences of HCY genome.
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