Periodic Reporting for period 3 - HYDRAITE (Hydrogen Delivery Risk Assessment and Impurity Tolerance Evaluation)
Okres sprawozdawczy: 2021-01-01 do 2021-09-30
HYDRAITE project’s overall aim has been to solve the issue of hydrogen quality for transportation applications.
In the project, the effects of contaminants, originating from the hydrogen supply chain, on the fuel cell (FC) systems in automotive applications have been studied. As an outcome, recommendations for the current ISO 14687 standard has been formulated based on the technical data of the impurity concentrations at the hydrogen refuelling station (HRS), FC contaminant studies under relevant automotive operation conditions, and inter-compared gas analysis.
The methodology for determining the effect of contaminants in automotive PEMFC system operation has been developed by six leading European research institutes. In addition, a methodology for in-line monitoring of hydrogen quality at the HRS, as well as sampling strategy and methodology for new impurities, gas, particles and liquids, have been studied.
Three European laboratories have been established, capable of measuring all of the contaminants according to ISO 14687 standards, and to provide a strong evidence on the quality and reliability on their result. Beyond the project, the three laboratories will offer their services to the European fuel cell and hydrogen community. In addition, a network of expert laboratories have been set, able to provide qualitative analysis and the first analytical evidence on the presence or absence of these new compounds with potential negative effect to the FC electric vehicle.
The efficient dissemination and communication improves the resulting data and input for the recommendations for ISO standards of hydrogen fuel. The project and its results are public, to boost the impact of the project outcomes and to enhance the competitiveness of the European FC industry.
In the project, the effects of contaminants, originating from the hydrogen supply chain, on the fuel cell (FC) systems in automotive applications have been studied. As an outcome, recommendations for the current ISO 14687 standard has been formulated based on the technical data of the impurity concentrations at the hydrogen refuelling station (HRS), FC contaminant studies under relevant automotive operation conditions, and inter-compared gas analysis.
The methodology for determining the effect of contaminants in automotive PEMFC system operation has been developed by six leading European research institutes. In addition, a methodology for in-line monitoring of hydrogen quality at the HRS, as well as sampling strategy and methodology for new impurities, gas, particles and liquids, have been studied.
Three European laboratories have been established, capable of measuring all of the contaminants according to ISO 14687 standards, and to provide a strong evidence on the quality and reliability on their result. Beyond the project, the three laboratories will offer their services to the European fuel cell and hydrogen community. In addition, a network of expert laboratories have been set, able to provide qualitative analysis and the first analytical evidence on the presence or absence of these new compounds with potential negative effect to the FC electric vehicle.
The efficient dissemination and communication improves the resulting data and input for the recommendations for ISO standards of hydrogen fuel. The project and its results are public, to boost the impact of the project outcomes and to enhance the competitiveness of the European FC industry.
All the research institutes have built or updated their fuel cell test benches to be more automotive-alike by adding a recirculation loop of anode gases. A unique round-robin testing for automotive-type short stacks in SoA test systems has been conducted among six European research institutes. For the first time, CO oxidation rate has been measured with CO2 present and H2S poisoning and recovery has been studied at the stack level using anode gas recirculation.
The HYDRAITE project has conducted three sampling campaigns, with total of 30 samples collected. In the 1st sampling campaign, 10 gas samples and 4 particulate samples were collected from HRSs in Norway, Sweden and Germany. The last two sampling campaigns were conducted in Germany, due to covid19 induced travel restrictions. No hydrogen quality violations were seen in the 1st sampling campaign, only elevated N2 levels were seen in two samples. No particulates were found in gravimetric analysis, but SEM analysis of filters indicate that particulates penetrate the filter, which needs further investigations. For the second campaign, there were no violations in fuel quality recorded. For the third campaign, however, there were significant violations for water but also violations for carbon monoxide and nitrogen.
Three European hydrogen quality laboratories have been established in HYDRAITE project, at NPL, ZSW and ZBT, capable of performing the required measurements in ISO 14687 and EN 17124. However, more discussion and clear model how to treat the ‘totals’ in the standard is still needed. The total sulphur, total hydrocarbons and total halogenated compounds are subject to interpretation and, therefore, different laboratories treat them differently. The next step beyond the project is to continue working for agreement with future standard ISO/DIS 21087 and continue to organise comparisons between H2 quality laboratories to ensure equivalence and compliance of the European laboratories.
A literature survey, detailed questionnaire and interviews with HRS component suppliers, HRS manufacturers and operator have been arranged to gather information of (possibly) harmful components of hydrogen fuel that could derive from HRS. As a result of the questionnaire and direct discussions, a list of impurities possibly introduced from components and from maintenance events have been gathered. HyCoRA risk model has been updated.
Three stakeholder workshops have been successfully held. An active participation to ISO technical committee 197 (hydrogen technologies) working groups.
The HYDRAITE project has conducted three sampling campaigns, with total of 30 samples collected. In the 1st sampling campaign, 10 gas samples and 4 particulate samples were collected from HRSs in Norway, Sweden and Germany. The last two sampling campaigns were conducted in Germany, due to covid19 induced travel restrictions. No hydrogen quality violations were seen in the 1st sampling campaign, only elevated N2 levels were seen in two samples. No particulates were found in gravimetric analysis, but SEM analysis of filters indicate that particulates penetrate the filter, which needs further investigations. For the second campaign, there were no violations in fuel quality recorded. For the third campaign, however, there were significant violations for water but also violations for carbon monoxide and nitrogen.
Three European hydrogen quality laboratories have been established in HYDRAITE project, at NPL, ZSW and ZBT, capable of performing the required measurements in ISO 14687 and EN 17124. However, more discussion and clear model how to treat the ‘totals’ in the standard is still needed. The total sulphur, total hydrocarbons and total halogenated compounds are subject to interpretation and, therefore, different laboratories treat them differently. The next step beyond the project is to continue working for agreement with future standard ISO/DIS 21087 and continue to organise comparisons between H2 quality laboratories to ensure equivalence and compliance of the European laboratories.
A literature survey, detailed questionnaire and interviews with HRS component suppliers, HRS manufacturers and operator have been arranged to gather information of (possibly) harmful components of hydrogen fuel that could derive from HRS. As a result of the questionnaire and direct discussions, a list of impurities possibly introduced from components and from maintenance events have been gathered. HyCoRA risk model has been updated.
Three stakeholder workshops have been successfully held. An active participation to ISO technical committee 197 (hydrogen technologies) working groups.
HYDRAITE project provides recommendations for revision of ISO standards, including existing contaminants and contaminants introduced by HRS components and operation and operation and/or maintenance practices. In addition, recommendations for conducting fuel cell contaminant measurements at stack level in automotive type operation have been developed.
Three HYDRAITE HRS sampling campaigns provide unique technical data for impurity concentrations at HRS nozzle. 30 samples have been collected, despite prevailing covid19 pandemic and induced travel restrictions, and disseminated to provide public evidence of the H2 fuel quality. The objective of HYDRAITE has not only been to implement three European laboratories with the analytical capabilities, but also to provide a strong evidence on the quality and the reliability of their results to provide the consumers and the end-users with trust in the reported value.
It is critical to understand that performing the measurement and ensuring accurate results is not the same thing. Therefore, it is a great importance to continue inter-laboratory comparisons to ensure the integrity of the results.
The HYDRAITE H2 laboratories continue working towards ensuring adherence to a future standard, ISO 21087:2019. The standard will require method validation for all analytical methods used to perform hydrogen fuel quality.
Three HYDRAITE HRS sampling campaigns provide unique technical data for impurity concentrations at HRS nozzle. 30 samples have been collected, despite prevailing covid19 pandemic and induced travel restrictions, and disseminated to provide public evidence of the H2 fuel quality. The objective of HYDRAITE has not only been to implement three European laboratories with the analytical capabilities, but also to provide a strong evidence on the quality and the reliability of their results to provide the consumers and the end-users with trust in the reported value.
It is critical to understand that performing the measurement and ensuring accurate results is not the same thing. Therefore, it is a great importance to continue inter-laboratory comparisons to ensure the integrity of the results.
The HYDRAITE H2 laboratories continue working towards ensuring adherence to a future standard, ISO 21087:2019. The standard will require method validation for all analytical methods used to perform hydrogen fuel quality.